src/snapshot/serializer.cc

// Copyright 2016 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

#include "src/snapshot/serializer.h"

#include "src/codegen/assembler-inl.h"
#include "src/common/globals.h"
#include "src/handles/global-handles-inl.h"
#include "src/heap/heap-inl.h"  // For Space::identity().
#include "src/heap/memory-chunk-inl.h"
#include "src/heap/read-only-heap.h"
#include "src/interpreter/interpreter.h"
#include "src/objects/code.h"
#include "src/objects/js-array-buffer-inl.h"
#include "src/objects/js-array-inl.h"
#include "src/objects/map.h"
#include "src/objects/objects-body-descriptors-inl.h"
#include "src/objects/slots-inl.h"
#include "src/objects/smi.h"
#include "src/snapshot/serializer-deserializer.h"
#include "src/snapshot/serializer-inl.h"

namespace v8 {
namespace internal {

Serializer::Serializer(Isolate* isolate, Snapshot::SerializerFlags flags)
    : isolate_(isolate),
#if V8_COMPRESS_POINTERS
      cage_base_(isolate),
#endif  // V8_COMPRESS_POINTERS
      hot_objects_(isolate->heap()),
      reference_map_(isolate),
      external_reference_encoder_(isolate),
      root_index_map_(isolate),
      deferred_objects_(isolate->heap()),
      forward_refs_per_pending_object_(isolate->heap()),
      flags_(flags)
#ifdef DEBUG
      ,
      back_refs_(isolate->heap()),
      stack_(isolate->heap())
#endif
{
#ifdef OBJECT_PRINT
  if (FLAG_serialization_statistics) {
    for (int space = 0; space < kNumberOfSnapshotSpaces; ++space) {
      // Value-initialized to 0.
      instance_type_count_[space] = std::make_unique<int[]>(kInstanceTypes);
      instance_type_size_[space] = std::make_unique<size_t[]>(kInstanceTypes);
    }
  }
#endif  // OBJECT_PRINT
}

#ifdef DEBUG
void Serializer::PopStack() { stack_.Pop(); }
#endif

void Serializer::CountAllocation(Map map, int size, SnapshotSpace space) {
  DCHECK(FLAG_serialization_statistics);

  const int space_number = static_cast<int>(space);
  allocation_size_[space_number] += size;
#ifdef OBJECT_PRINT
  int instance_type = map.instance_type();
  instance_type_count_[space_number][instance_type]++;
  instance_type_size_[space_number][instance_type] += size;
#endif  // OBJECT_PRINT
}

int Serializer::TotalAllocationSize() const {
  int sum = 0;
  for (int space = 0; space < kNumberOfSnapshotSpaces; space++) {
    sum += allocation_size_[space];
  }
  return sum;
}

void Serializer::OutputStatistics(const char* name) {
  if (!FLAG_serialization_statistics) return;

  PrintF("%s:\n", name);

  PrintF("  Spaces (bytes):\n");

  for (int space = 0; space < kNumberOfSnapshotSpaces; space++) {
    PrintF("%16s",
           BaseSpace::GetSpaceName(static_cast<AllocationSpace>(space)));
  }
  PrintF("\n");

  for (int space = 0; space < kNumberOfSnapshotSpaces; space++) {
    PrintF("%16zu", allocation_size_[space]);
  }

#ifdef OBJECT_PRINT
  PrintF("  Instance types (count and bytes):\n");
#define PRINT_INSTANCE_TYPE(Name)                                          \
  for (int space = 0; space < kNumberOfSnapshotSpaces; ++space) {          \
    if (instance_type_count_[space][Name]) {                               \
      PrintF("%10d %10zu  %-10s %s\n", instance_type_count_[space][Name],  \
             instance_type_size_[space][Name],                             \
             BaseSpace::GetSpaceName(static_cast<AllocationSpace>(space)), \
             #Name);                                                       \
    }                                                                      \
  }
  INSTANCE_TYPE_LIST(PRINT_INSTANCE_TYPE)
#undef PRINT_INSTANCE_TYPE
#endif  // OBJECT_PRINT

  PrintF("\n");
}

void Serializer::SerializeDeferredObjects() {
  if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
    PrintF("Serializing deferred objects\n");
  }
  WHILE_WITH_HANDLE_SCOPE(isolate(), !deferred_objects_.empty(), {
    Handle<HeapObject> obj = handle(deferred_objects_.Pop(), isolate());

    ObjectSerializer obj_serializer(this, obj, &sink_);
    obj_serializer.SerializeDeferred();
  });
  sink_.Put(kSynchronize, "Finished with deferred objects");
}

void Serializer::SerializeObject(Handle<HeapObject> obj) {
  // ThinStrings are just an indirection to an internalized string, so elide the
  // indirection and serialize the actual string directly.
  if (obj->IsThinString(isolate())) {
    obj = handle(ThinString::cast(*obj).actual(isolate()), isolate());
  } else if (obj->IsCodeT(isolate())) {
    Code code = FromCodeT(CodeT::cast(*obj));
    if (code.kind() == CodeKind::BASELINE) {
      // For now just serialize the BytecodeArray instead of baseline code.
      // TODO(v8:11429,pthier): Handle Baseline code in cases we want to
      // serialize it.
      obj = handle(code.bytecode_or_interpreter_data(isolate()), isolate());
    }
  }
  SerializeObjectImpl(obj);
}

bool Serializer::MustBeDeferred(HeapObject object) { return false; }

void Serializer::VisitRootPointers(Root root, const char* description,
                                   FullObjectSlot start, FullObjectSlot end) {
  for (FullObjectSlot current = start; current < end; ++current) {
    SerializeRootObject(current);
  }
}

void Serializer::SerializeRootObject(FullObjectSlot slot) {
  Object o = *slot;
  if (o.IsSmi()) {
    PutSmiRoot(slot);
  } else {
    SerializeObject(Handle<HeapObject>(slot.location()));
  }
}

#ifdef DEBUG
void Serializer::PrintStack() { PrintStack(std::cout); }

void Serializer::PrintStack(std::ostream& out) {
  for (const auto o : stack_) {
    o->Print(out);
    out << "\n";
  }
}
#endif  // DEBUG

bool Serializer::SerializeRoot(HeapObject obj) {
  RootIndex root_index;
  // Derived serializers are responsible for determining if the root has
  // actually been serialized before calling this.
  if (root_index_map()->Lookup(obj, &root_index)) {
    PutRoot(root_index);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Serializer::SerializeHotObject(HeapObject obj) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  // Encode a reference to a hot object by its index in the working set.
  int index = hot_objects_.Find(obj);
  if (index == HotObjectsList::kNotFound) return false;
  DCHECK(index >= 0 && index < kHotObjectCount);
  if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
    PrintF(" Encoding hot object %d:", index);
    obj.ShortPrint();
    PrintF("\n");
  }
  sink_.Put(HotObject::Encode(index), "HotObject");
  return true;
}

bool Serializer::SerializeBackReference(HeapObject obj) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  const SerializerReference* reference = reference_map_.LookupReference(obj);
  if (reference == nullptr) return false;
  // Encode the location of an already deserialized object in order to write
  // its location into a later object.  We can encode the location as an
  // offset fromthe start of the deserialized objects or as an offset
  // backwards from thecurrent allocation pointer.
  if (reference->is_attached_reference()) {
    if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
      PrintF(" Encoding attached reference %d\n",
             reference->attached_reference_index());
    }
    PutAttachedReference(*reference);
  } else {
    DCHECK(reference->is_back_reference());
    if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
      PrintF(" Encoding back reference to: ");
      obj.ShortPrint();
      PrintF("\n");
    }

    sink_.Put(kBackref, "Backref");
    PutBackReference(obj, *reference);
  }
  return true;
}

bool Serializer::SerializePendingObject(HeapObject obj) {
  PendingObjectReferences* refs_to_object =
      forward_refs_per_pending_object_.Find(obj);
  if (refs_to_object == nullptr) {
    return false;
  }
  PutPendingForwardReference(*refs_to_object);
  return true;
}

bool Serializer::ObjectIsBytecodeHandler(HeapObject obj) const {
  if (!obj.IsCode()) return false;
  return (Code::cast(obj).kind() == CodeKind::BYTECODE_HANDLER);
}

void Serializer::PutRoot(RootIndex root) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  int root_index = static_cast<int>(root);
  HeapObject object = HeapObject::cast(isolate()->root(root));
  if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
    PrintF(" Encoding root %d:", root_index);
    object.ShortPrint();
    PrintF("\n");
  }

  // Assert that the first 32 root array items are a conscious choice. They are
  // chosen so that the most common ones can be encoded more efficiently.
  STATIC_ASSERT(static_cast<int>(RootIndex::kArgumentsMarker) ==
                kRootArrayConstantsCount - 1);

  // TODO(ulan): Check that it works with young large objects.
  if (root_index < kRootArrayConstantsCount &&
      !Heap::InYoungGeneration(object)) {
    sink_.Put(RootArrayConstant::Encode(root), "RootConstant");
  } else {
    sink_.Put(kRootArray, "RootSerialization");
    sink_.PutInt(root_index, "root_index");
    hot_objects_.Add(object);
  }
}

void Serializer::PutSmiRoot(FullObjectSlot slot) {
  // Serializing a smi root in compressed pointer builds will serialize the
  // full object slot (of kSystemPointerSize) to avoid complications during
  // deserialization (endianness or smi sequences).
  STATIC_ASSERT(decltype(slot)::kSlotDataSize == sizeof(Address));
  STATIC_ASSERT(decltype(slot)::kSlotDataSize == kSystemPointerSize);
  static constexpr int bytes_to_output = decltype(slot)::kSlotDataSize;
  static constexpr int size_in_tagged = bytes_to_output >> kTaggedSizeLog2;
  sink_.Put(FixedRawDataWithSize::Encode(size_in_tagged), "Smi");

  Address raw_value = Smi::cast(*slot).ptr();
  const byte* raw_value_as_bytes = reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(&raw_value);
  sink_.PutRaw(raw_value_as_bytes, bytes_to_output, "Bytes");
}

void Serializer::PutBackReference(HeapObject object,
                                  SerializerReference reference) {
  DCHECK_EQ(object, *back_refs_[reference.back_ref_index()]);
  sink_.PutInt(reference.back_ref_index(), "BackRefIndex");
  hot_objects_.Add(object);
}

void Serializer::PutAttachedReference(SerializerReference reference) {
  DCHECK(reference.is_attached_reference());
  sink_.Put(kAttachedReference, "AttachedRef");
  sink_.PutInt(reference.attached_reference_index(), "AttachedRefIndex");
}

void Serializer::PutRepeat(int repeat_count) {
  if (repeat_count <= kLastEncodableFixedRepeatCount) {
    sink_.Put(FixedRepeatWithCount::Encode(repeat_count), "FixedRepeat");
  } else {
    sink_.Put(kVariableRepeat, "VariableRepeat");
    sink_.PutInt(VariableRepeatCount::Encode(repeat_count), "repeat count");
  }
}

void Serializer::PutPendingForwardReference(PendingObjectReferences& refs) {
  sink_.Put(kRegisterPendingForwardRef, "RegisterPendingForwardRef");
  unresolved_forward_refs_++;
  // Register the current slot with the pending object.
  int forward_ref_id = next_forward_ref_id_++;
  if (refs == nullptr) {
    // The IdentityMap holding the pending object reference vectors does not
    // support non-trivial types; in particular it doesn't support destructors
    // on values. So, we manually allocate a vector with new, and delete it when
    // resolving the pending object.
    refs = new std::vector<int>();
  }
  refs->push_back(forward_ref_id);
}

void Serializer::ResolvePendingForwardReference(int forward_reference_id) {
  sink_.Put(kResolvePendingForwardRef, "ResolvePendingForwardRef");
  sink_.PutInt(forward_reference_id, "with this index");
  unresolved_forward_refs_--;

  // If there are no more unresolved forward refs, reset the forward ref id to
  // zero so that future forward refs compress better.
  if (unresolved_forward_refs_ == 0) {
    next_forward_ref_id_ = 0;
  }
}

ExternalReferenceEncoder::Value Serializer::EncodeExternalReference(
    Address addr) {
  Maybe<ExternalReferenceEncoder::Value> result =
      external_reference_encoder_.TryEncode(addr);
  if (result.IsNothing()) {
#ifdef DEBUG
    PrintStack(std::cerr);
#endif
    void* addr_ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(addr);
    v8::base::OS::PrintError("Unknown external reference %p.\n", addr_ptr);
    v8::base::OS::PrintError("%s\n",
                             ExternalReferenceTable::ResolveSymbol(addr_ptr));
    v8::base::OS::Abort();
  }
  return result.FromJust();
}

void Serializer::RegisterObjectIsPending(HeapObject obj) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  if (IsNotMappedSymbol(obj)) return;

  // Add the given object to the pending objects -> forward refs map.
  auto find_result = forward_refs_per_pending_object_.FindOrInsert(obj);
  USE(find_result);

  // If the above emplace didn't actually add the object, then the object must
  // already have been registered pending by deferring. It might not be in the
  // deferred objects queue though, since it may be the very object we just
  // popped off that queue, so just check that it can be deferred.
  DCHECK_IMPLIES(find_result.already_exists, *find_result.entry != nullptr);
  DCHECK_IMPLIES(find_result.already_exists, CanBeDeferred(obj));
}

void Serializer::ResolvePendingObject(HeapObject obj) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  if (IsNotMappedSymbol(obj)) return;

  std::vector<int>* refs;
  CHECK(forward_refs_per_pending_object_.Delete(obj, &refs));
  if (refs) {
    for (int index : *refs) {
      ResolvePendingForwardReference(index);
    }
    // See PutPendingForwardReference -- we have to manually manage the memory
    // of non-trivial IdentityMap values.
    delete refs;
  }
}

void Serializer::Pad(int padding_offset) {
  // The non-branching GetInt will read up to 3 bytes too far, so we need
  // to pad the snapshot to make sure we don't read over the end.
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(int32_t) - 1; i++) {
    sink_.Put(kNop, "Padding");
  }
  // Pad up to pointer size for checksum.
  while (!IsAligned(sink_.Position() + padding_offset, kPointerAlignment)) {
    sink_.Put(kNop, "Padding");
  }
}

void Serializer::InitializeCodeAddressMap() {
  isolate_->InitializeLoggingAndCounters();
  code_address_map_ = std::make_unique<CodeAddressMap>(isolate_);
}

Code Serializer::CopyCode(Code code) {
  code_buffer_.clear();  // Clear buffer without deleting backing store.
  int size = code.CodeSize();
  code_buffer_.insert(code_buffer_.end(),
                      reinterpret_cast<byte*>(code.address()),
                      reinterpret_cast<byte*>(code.address() + size));
  // When pointer compression is enabled the checked cast will try to
  // decompress map field of off-heap Code object.
  return Code::unchecked_cast(HeapObject::FromAddress(
      reinterpret_cast<Address>(&code_buffer_.front())));
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializePrologue(SnapshotSpace space,
                                                     int size, Map map) {
  if (serializer_->code_address_map_) {
    const char* code_name =
        serializer_->code_address_map_->Lookup(object_->address());
    LOG(serializer_->isolate_,
        CodeNameEvent(object_->address(), sink_->Position(), code_name));
  }

  if (map == *object_) {
    DCHECK_EQ(*object_, ReadOnlyRoots(isolate()).meta_map());
    DCHECK_EQ(space, SnapshotSpace::kReadOnlyHeap);
    sink_->Put(kNewMetaMap, "NewMetaMap");

    DCHECK_EQ(size, Map::kSize);
  } else {
    sink_->Put(NewObject::Encode(space), "NewObject");

    // TODO(leszeks): Skip this when the map has a fixed size.
    sink_->PutInt(size >> kObjectAlignmentBits, "ObjectSizeInWords");

    // Until the space for the object is allocated, it is considered "pending".
    serializer_->RegisterObjectIsPending(*object_);

    // Serialize map (first word of the object) before anything else, so that
    // the deserializer can access it when allocating. Make sure that the map
    // isn't a pending object.
    DCHECK_NULL(serializer_->forward_refs_per_pending_object_.Find(map));
    DCHECK(map.IsMap());
    serializer_->SerializeObject(handle(map, isolate()));

    // Make sure the map serialization didn't accidentally recursively serialize
    // this object.
    DCHECK_IMPLIES(
        !serializer_->IsNotMappedSymbol(*object_),
        serializer_->reference_map()->LookupReference(object_) == nullptr);

    // Now that the object is allocated, we can resolve pending references to
    // it.
    serializer_->ResolvePendingObject(*object_);
  }

  if (FLAG_serialization_statistics) {
    serializer_->CountAllocation(object_->map(), size, space);
  }

  // Mark this object as already serialized, and add it to the reference map so
  // that it can be accessed by backreference by future objects.
  serializer_->num_back_refs_++;
#ifdef DEBUG
  serializer_->back_refs_.Push(*object_);
  DCHECK_EQ(serializer_->back_refs_.size(), serializer_->num_back_refs_);
#endif
  if (!serializer_->IsNotMappedSymbol(*object_)) {
    // Only add the object to the map if it's not not_mapped_symbol, else
    // the reference IdentityMap has issues. We don't expect to have back
    // references to the not_mapped_symbol anyway, so it's fine.
    SerializerReference back_reference =
        SerializerReference::BackReference(serializer_->num_back_refs_ - 1);
    serializer_->reference_map()->Add(*object_, back_reference);
    DCHECK_EQ(*object_,
              *serializer_->back_refs_[back_reference.back_ref_index()]);
    DCHECK_EQ(back_reference.back_ref_index(), serializer_->reference_map()
                                                   ->LookupReference(object_)
                                                   ->back_ref_index());
  }
}

uint32_t Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeBackingStore(
    void* backing_store, int32_t byte_length, Maybe<int32_t> max_byte_length) {
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  const SerializerReference* reference_ptr =
      serializer_->reference_map()->LookupBackingStore(backing_store);

  // Serialize the off-heap backing store.
  if (reference_ptr) {
    return reference_ptr->off_heap_backing_store_index();
  }
  if (max_byte_length.IsJust()) {
    sink_->Put(kOffHeapResizableBackingStore,
               "Off-heap resizable backing store");
  } else {
    sink_->Put(kOffHeapBackingStore, "Off-heap backing store");
  }
  sink_->PutInt(byte_length, "length");
  if (max_byte_length.IsJust()) {
    sink_->PutInt(max_byte_length.FromJust(), "max length");
  }
  sink_->PutRaw(static_cast<byte*>(backing_store), byte_length, "BackingStore");
  DCHECK_NE(0, serializer_->seen_backing_stores_index_);
  SerializerReference reference =
      SerializerReference::OffHeapBackingStoreReference(
          serializer_->seen_backing_stores_index_++);
  // Mark this backing store as already serialized.
  serializer_->reference_map()->AddBackingStore(backing_store, reference);
  return reference.off_heap_backing_store_index();
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeJSTypedArray() {
  {
    DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
    JSTypedArray typed_array = JSTypedArray::cast(*object_);
    if (typed_array.is_on_heap()) {
      typed_array.RemoveExternalPointerCompensationForSerialization(isolate());
    } else {
      if (!typed_array.WasDetached()) {
        // Explicitly serialize the backing store now.
        JSArrayBuffer buffer = JSArrayBuffer::cast(typed_array.buffer());
        // We cannot store byte_length or max_byte_length larger than int32
        // range in the snapshot.
        CHECK_LE(buffer.byte_length(), std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
        int32_t byte_length = static_cast<int32_t>(buffer.byte_length());
        Maybe<int32_t> max_byte_length = Nothing<int32_t>();
        if (buffer.is_resizable()) {
          CHECK_LE(buffer.max_byte_length(),
                   std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
          max_byte_length =
              Just(static_cast<int32_t>(buffer.max_byte_length()));
        }
        size_t byte_offset = typed_array.byte_offset();

        // We need to calculate the backing store from the data pointer
        // because the ArrayBuffer may already have been serialized.
        void* backing_store = reinterpret_cast<void*>(
            reinterpret_cast<Address>(typed_array.DataPtr()) - byte_offset);

        uint32_t ref =
            SerializeBackingStore(backing_store, byte_length, max_byte_length);
        typed_array.SetExternalBackingStoreRefForSerialization(ref);
      } else {
        typed_array.SetExternalBackingStoreRefForSerialization(0);
      }
    }
  }
  SerializeObject();
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeJSArrayBuffer() {
  ArrayBufferExtension* extension;
  void* backing_store;
  {
    DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
    JSArrayBuffer buffer = JSArrayBuffer::cast(*object_);
    backing_store = buffer.backing_store();
    // We cannot store byte_length or max_byte_length larger than int32 range in
    // the snapshot.
    CHECK_LE(buffer.byte_length(), std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
    int32_t byte_length = static_cast<int32_t>(buffer.byte_length());
    Maybe<int32_t> max_byte_length = Nothing<int32_t>();
    if (buffer.is_resizable()) {
      CHECK_LE(buffer.max_byte_length(), std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
      max_byte_length = Just(static_cast<int32_t>(buffer.max_byte_length()));
    }
    extension = buffer.extension();

    // Only serialize non-empty backing stores.
    if (buffer.IsEmpty()) {
      buffer.SetBackingStoreRefForSerialization(kEmptyBackingStoreRefSentinel);
    } else {
      uint32_t ref =
          SerializeBackingStore(backing_store, byte_length, max_byte_length);
      buffer.SetBackingStoreRefForSerialization(ref);

      // Ensure deterministic output by setting extension to null during
      // serialization.
      buffer.set_extension(nullptr);
    }
  }
  SerializeObject();
  {
    JSArrayBuffer buffer = JSArrayBuffer::cast(*object_);
    buffer.set_backing_store(isolate(), backing_store);
    buffer.set_extension(extension);
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeExternalString() {
  // For external strings with known resources, we replace the resource field
  // with the encoded external reference, which we restore upon deserialize.
  // For the rest we serialize them to look like ordinary sequential strings.
  Handle<ExternalString> string = Handle<ExternalString>::cast(object_);
  Address resource = string->resource_as_address();
  ExternalReferenceEncoder::Value reference;
  if (serializer_->external_reference_encoder_.TryEncode(resource).To(
          &reference)) {
    DCHECK(reference.is_from_api());
#ifdef V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS
    uint32_t external_pointer_entry =
        string->GetResourceRefForDeserialization();
#endif
    string->SetResourceRefForSerialization(reference.index());
    SerializeObject();
#ifdef V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS
    string->SetResourceRefForSerialization(external_pointer_entry);
#else
    string->set_address_as_resource(isolate(), resource);
#endif
  } else {
    SerializeExternalStringAsSequentialString();
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeExternalStringAsSequentialString() {
  // Instead of serializing this as an external string, we serialize
  // an imaginary sequential string with the same content.
  ReadOnlyRoots roots(isolate());
  PtrComprCageBase cage_base(isolate());
  DCHECK(object_->IsExternalString(cage_base));
  Handle<ExternalString> string = Handle<ExternalString>::cast(object_);
  int length = string->length();
  Map map;
  int content_size;
  int allocation_size;
  const byte* resource;
  // Find the map and size for the imaginary sequential string.
  bool internalized = object_->IsInternalizedString(cage_base);
  if (object_->IsExternalOneByteString(cage_base)) {
    map = internalized ? roots.one_byte_internalized_string_map()
                       : roots.one_byte_string_map();
    allocation_size = SeqOneByteString::SizeFor(length);
    content_size = length * kCharSize;
    resource = reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(
        Handle<ExternalOneByteString>::cast(string)->resource()->data());
  } else {
    map = internalized ? roots.internalized_string_map() : roots.string_map();
    allocation_size = SeqTwoByteString::SizeFor(length);
    content_size = length * kShortSize;
    resource = reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(
        Handle<ExternalTwoByteString>::cast(string)->resource()->data());
  }

  SnapshotSpace space = SnapshotSpace::kOld;
  SerializePrologue(space, allocation_size, map);

  // Output the rest of the imaginary string.
  int bytes_to_output = allocation_size - HeapObject::kHeaderSize;
  DCHECK(IsAligned(bytes_to_output, kTaggedSize));
  int slots_to_output = bytes_to_output >> kTaggedSizeLog2;

  // Output raw data header. Do not bother with common raw length cases here.
  sink_->Put(kVariableRawData, "RawDataForString");
  sink_->PutInt(slots_to_output, "length");

  // Serialize string header (except for map).
  byte* string_start = reinterpret_cast<byte*>(string->address());
  for (int i = HeapObject::kHeaderSize; i < SeqString::kHeaderSize; i++) {
    sink_->Put(string_start[i], "StringHeader");
  }

  // Serialize string content.
  sink_->PutRaw(resource, content_size, "StringContent");

  // Since the allocation size is rounded up to object alignment, there
  // maybe left-over bytes that need to be padded.
  int padding_size = allocation_size - SeqString::kHeaderSize - content_size;
  DCHECK(0 <= padding_size && padding_size < kObjectAlignment);
  for (int i = 0; i < padding_size; i++) {
    sink_->Put(static_cast<byte>(0), "StringPadding");
  }
}

// Clear and later restore the next link in the weak cell or allocation site.
// TODO(all): replace this with proper iteration of weak slots in serializer.
class V8_NODISCARD UnlinkWeakNextScope {
 public:
  explicit UnlinkWeakNextScope(Heap* heap, HeapObject object) {
    Isolate* isolate = heap->isolate();
    if (object.IsAllocationSite(isolate) &&
        AllocationSite::cast(object).HasWeakNext()) {
      object_ = object;
      next_ = AllocationSite::cast(object).weak_next();
      AllocationSite::cast(object).set_weak_next(
          ReadOnlyRoots(isolate).undefined_value());
    }
  }

  ~UnlinkWeakNextScope() {
    if (next_ == Smi::zero()) return;
    AllocationSite::cast(object_).set_weak_next(next_,
                                                UPDATE_WEAK_WRITE_BARRIER);
  }

 private:
  HeapObject object_;
  Object next_ = Smi::zero();
  DISALLOW_GARBAGE_COLLECTION(no_gc_)
};

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::Serialize() {
  RecursionScope recursion(serializer_);

  {
    DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
    HeapObject raw = *object_;
    // Defer objects as "pending" if they cannot be serialized now, or if we
    // exceed a certain recursion depth. Some objects cannot be deferred.
    if ((recursion.ExceedsMaximum() && CanBeDeferred(raw)) ||
        serializer_->MustBeDeferred(raw)) {
      DCHECK(CanBeDeferred(raw));
      if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
        PrintF(" Deferring heap object: ");
        object_->ShortPrint();
        PrintF("\n");
      }
      // Deferred objects are considered "pending".
      serializer_->RegisterObjectIsPending(raw);
      serializer_->PutPendingForwardReference(
          *serializer_->forward_refs_per_pending_object_.Find(raw));
      serializer_->QueueDeferredObject(raw);
      return;
    }

    if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
      PrintF(" Encoding heap object: ");
      object_->ShortPrint();
      PrintF("\n");
    }
  }

  PtrComprCageBase cage_base(isolate());
  InstanceType instance_type = object_->map(cage_base).instance_type();
  if (InstanceTypeChecker::IsExternalString(instance_type)) {
    SerializeExternalString();
    return;
  } else if (!ReadOnlyHeap::Contains(*object_)) {
    // Only clear padding for strings outside the read-only heap. Read-only heap
    // should have been cleared elsewhere.
    if (object_->IsSeqOneByteString(cage_base)) {
      // Clear padding bytes at the end. Done here to avoid having to do this
      // at allocation sites in generated code.
      Handle<SeqOneByteString>::cast(object_)->clear_padding();
    } else if (object_->IsSeqTwoByteString(cage_base)) {
      Handle<SeqTwoByteString>::cast(object_)->clear_padding();
    }
  }
  if (InstanceTypeChecker::IsJSTypedArray(instance_type)) {
    SerializeJSTypedArray();
    return;
  } else if (InstanceTypeChecker::IsJSArrayBuffer(instance_type)) {
    SerializeJSArrayBuffer();
    return;
  } else if (InstanceTypeChecker::IsScript(instance_type)) {
    // Clear cached line ends.
    Oddball undefined = ReadOnlyRoots(isolate()).undefined_value();
    Handle<Script>::cast(object_)->set_line_ends(undefined);
  }

  // We don't expect fillers.
  DCHECK(!object_->IsFreeSpaceOrFiller(cage_base));

  SerializeObject();
}

namespace {
SnapshotSpace GetSnapshotSpace(HeapObject object) {
  if (V8_ENABLE_THIRD_PARTY_HEAP_BOOL) {
    if (object.IsCode()) {
      return SnapshotSpace::kCode;
    } else if (ReadOnlyHeap::Contains(object)) {
      return SnapshotSpace::kReadOnlyHeap;
    } else if (object.IsMap()) {
      return SnapshotSpace::kMap;
    } else {
      return SnapshotSpace::kOld;
    }
  } else if (ReadOnlyHeap::Contains(object)) {
    return SnapshotSpace::kReadOnlyHeap;
  } else {
    AllocationSpace heap_space =
        MemoryChunk::FromHeapObject(object)->owner_identity();
    // Large code objects are not supported and cannot be expressed by
    // SnapshotSpace.
    DCHECK_NE(heap_space, CODE_LO_SPACE);
    switch (heap_space) {
      case OLD_SPACE:
      // Young generation objects are tenured, as objects that have survived
      // until snapshot building probably deserve to be considered 'old'.
      case NEW_SPACE:
      // Large objects (young and old) are encoded as simply 'old' snapshot
      // obects, as "normal" objects vs large objects is a heap implementation
      // detail and isn't relevant to the snapshot.
      case NEW_LO_SPACE:
      case LO_SPACE:
        return SnapshotSpace::kOld;
      case CODE_SPACE:
        return SnapshotSpace::kCode;
      case MAP_SPACE:
        return SnapshotSpace::kMap;
      case CODE_LO_SPACE:
      case RO_SPACE:
        UNREACHABLE();
    }
  }
}
}  // namespace

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeObject() {
  Map map = object_->map(serializer_->cage_base());
  int size = object_->SizeFromMap(map);

  // Descriptor arrays have complex element weakness, that is dependent on the
  // maps pointing to them. During deserialization, this can cause them to get
  // prematurely trimmed one of their owners isn't deserialized yet. We work
  // around this by forcing all descriptor arrays to be serialized as "strong",
  // i.e. no custom weakness, and "re-weaken" them in the deserializer once
  // deserialization completes.
  //
  // See also `Deserializer::WeakenDescriptorArrays`.
  if (map == ReadOnlyRoots(isolate()).descriptor_array_map()) {
    map = ReadOnlyRoots(isolate()).strong_descriptor_array_map();
  }
  SnapshotSpace space = GetSnapshotSpace(*object_);
  SerializePrologue(space, size, map);

  // Serialize the rest of the object.
  CHECK_EQ(0, bytes_processed_so_far_);
  bytes_processed_so_far_ = kTaggedSize;

  SerializeContent(map, size);
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeDeferred() {
  const SerializerReference* back_reference =
      serializer_->reference_map()->LookupReference(object_);

  if (back_reference != nullptr) {
    if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
      PrintF(" Deferred heap object ");
      object_->ShortPrint();
      PrintF(" was already serialized\n");
    }
    return;
  }

  if (FLAG_trace_serializer) {
    PrintF(" Encoding deferred heap object\n");
  }
  Serialize();
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeContent(Map map, int size) {
  HeapObject raw = *object_;
  UnlinkWeakNextScope unlink_weak_next(isolate()->heap(), raw);
  if (raw.IsCode()) {
    // For code objects, perform a custom serialization.
    SerializeCode(map, size);
  } else {
    // For other objects, iterate references first.
    raw.IterateBody(map, size, this);
    // Then output data payload, if any.
    OutputRawData(raw.address() + size);
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitPointers(HeapObject host,
                                                 ObjectSlot start,
                                                 ObjectSlot end) {
  VisitPointers(host, MaybeObjectSlot(start), MaybeObjectSlot(end));
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitPointers(HeapObject host,
                                                 MaybeObjectSlot start,
                                                 MaybeObjectSlot end) {
  HandleScope scope(isolate());
  PtrComprCageBase cage_base(isolate());
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;

  MaybeObjectSlot current = start;
  while (current < end) {
    while (current < end && current.load(cage_base).IsSmi()) {
      ++current;
    }
    if (current < end) {
      OutputRawData(current.address());
    }
    // TODO(ishell): Revisit this change once we stick to 32-bit compressed
    // tagged values.
    while (current < end && current.load(cage_base).IsCleared()) {
      sink_->Put(kClearedWeakReference, "ClearedWeakReference");
      bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
      ++current;
    }
    HeapObject current_contents;
    HeapObjectReferenceType reference_type;
    while (current < end && current.load(cage_base).GetHeapObject(
                                &current_contents, &reference_type)) {
      // Write a weak prefix if we need it. This has to be done before the
      // potential pending object serialization.
      if (reference_type == HeapObjectReferenceType::WEAK) {
        sink_->Put(kWeakPrefix, "WeakReference");
      }

      Handle<HeapObject> obj = handle(current_contents, isolate());
      if (serializer_->SerializePendingObject(*obj)) {
        bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
        ++current;
        continue;
      }

      RootIndex root_index;
      // Compute repeat count and write repeat prefix if applicable.
      // Repeats are not subject to the write barrier so we can only use
      // immortal immovable root members.
      MaybeObjectSlot repeat_end = current + 1;
      if (repeat_end < end &&
          serializer_->root_index_map()->Lookup(*obj, &root_index) &&
          RootsTable::IsImmortalImmovable(root_index) &&
          *current == *repeat_end) {
        DCHECK_EQ(reference_type, HeapObjectReferenceType::STRONG);
        DCHECK(!Heap::InYoungGeneration(*obj));
        while (repeat_end < end && *repeat_end == *current) {
          repeat_end++;
        }
        int repeat_count = static_cast<int>(repeat_end - current);
        current = repeat_end;
        bytes_processed_so_far_ += repeat_count * kTaggedSize;
        serializer_->PutRepeat(repeat_count);
      } else {
        bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
        ++current;
      }
      // Now write the object itself.
      serializer_->SerializeObject(obj);
    }
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitCodePointer(HeapObject host,
                                                    CodeObjectSlot slot) {
  CHECK(V8_EXTERNAL_CODE_SPACE_BOOL);
  // A version of VisitPointers() customized for CodeObjectSlot.
  HandleScope scope(isolate());
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;

#ifdef V8_EXTERNAL_CODE_SPACE
  PtrComprCageBase code_cage_base(isolate()->code_cage_base());
#else
  PtrComprCageBase code_cage_base(isolate());
#endif
  Object contents = slot.load(code_cage_base);
  DCHECK(HAS_STRONG_HEAP_OBJECT_TAG(contents.ptr()));
  DCHECK(contents.IsCode());

  Handle<HeapObject> obj = handle(HeapObject::cast(contents), isolate());
  if (!serializer_->SerializePendingObject(*obj)) {
    serializer_->SerializeObject(obj);
  }
  bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::OutputExternalReference(
    Address target, int target_size, bool sandboxify, ExternalPointerTag tag) {
  DCHECK_LE(target_size, sizeof(target));  // Must fit in Address.
  DCHECK_IMPLIES(sandboxify, tag != kExternalPointerNullTag);
  ExternalReferenceEncoder::Value encoded_reference;
  bool encoded_successfully;

  if (serializer_->allow_unknown_external_references_for_testing()) {
    encoded_successfully =
        serializer_->TryEncodeExternalReference(target).To(&encoded_reference);
  } else {
    encoded_reference = serializer_->EncodeExternalReference(target);
    encoded_successfully = true;
  }

  if (!encoded_successfully) {
    // In this case the serialized snapshot will not be used in a different
    // Isolate and thus the target address will not change between
    // serialization and deserialization. We can serialize seen external
    // references verbatim.
    CHECK(serializer_->allow_unknown_external_references_for_testing());
    CHECK(IsAligned(target_size, kTaggedSize));
    CHECK_LE(target_size, kFixedRawDataCount * kTaggedSize);
    int size_in_tagged = target_size >> kTaggedSizeLog2;
    sink_->Put(FixedRawDataWithSize::Encode(size_in_tagged), "FixedRawData");
    sink_->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(&target), target_size, "Bytes");
  } else if (encoded_reference.is_from_api()) {
    if (V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS_BOOL && sandboxify) {
      sink_->Put(kSandboxedApiReference, "SandboxedApiRef");
    } else {
      sink_->Put(kApiReference, "ApiRef");
    }
    sink_->PutInt(encoded_reference.index(), "reference index");
  } else {
    if (V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS_BOOL && sandboxify) {
      sink_->Put(kSandboxedExternalReference, "SandboxedExternalRef");
    } else {
      sink_->Put(kExternalReference, "ExternalRef");
    }
    sink_->PutInt(encoded_reference.index(), "reference index");
  }
  if (V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS_BOOL && sandboxify) {
    sink_->PutInt(static_cast<uint32_t>(tag >> kExternalPointerTagShift),
                  "external pointer tag");
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitExternalReference(Foreign host,
                                                          Address* p) {
  // "Sandboxify" external reference.
  OutputExternalReference(host.foreign_address(), kSystemPointerSize, true,
                          kForeignForeignAddressTag);
  bytes_processed_so_far_ += kExternalPointerSize;
}

class Serializer::ObjectSerializer::RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer {
 public:
  explicit RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer(Serializer* serializer)
      : serializer_(serializer) {}

  void VisitEmbeddedPointer(Code host, RelocInfo* target) {
    HeapObject object = target->target_object(isolate());
    serializer_->SerializeObject(handle(object, isolate()));
    num_serialized_objects_++;
  }
  void VisitCodeTarget(Code host, RelocInfo* target) {
#ifdef V8_TARGET_ARCH_ARM
    DCHECK(!RelocInfo::IsRelativeCodeTarget(target->rmode()));
#endif
    Code object = Code::GetCodeFromTargetAddress(target->target_address());
    serializer_->SerializeObject(handle(object, isolate()));
    num_serialized_objects_++;
  }

  void VisitExternalReference(Code host, RelocInfo* rinfo) {}
  void VisitInternalReference(Code host, RelocInfo* rinfo) {}
  void VisitRuntimeEntry(Code host, RelocInfo* reloc) { UNREACHABLE(); }
  void VisitOffHeapTarget(Code host, RelocInfo* target) {}

  int num_serialized_objects() const { return num_serialized_objects_; }

  Isolate* isolate() { return serializer_->isolate(); }

 private:
  Serializer* serializer_;
  int num_serialized_objects_ = 0;
};

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitEmbeddedPointer(Code host,
                                                        RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  // Target object should be pre-serialized by RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer, so
  // just track the pointer's existence as kTaggedSize in
  // bytes_processed_so_far_.
  // TODO(leszeks): DCHECK that RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer serialized this
  // specific object already.
  bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitExternalReference(Code host,
                                                          RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  Address target = rinfo->target_external_reference();
  DCHECK_NE(target, kNullAddress);  // Code does not reference null.
  DCHECK_IMPLIES(serializer_->EncodeExternalReference(target).is_from_api(),
                 !rinfo->IsCodedSpecially());
  // Don't "sandboxify" external references embedded in the code.
  OutputExternalReference(target, rinfo->target_address_size(), false,
                          kExternalPointerNullTag);
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitExternalPointer(HeapObject host,
                                                        ExternalPointer_t ptr) {
  // TODO(v8:12700) handle other external references here as well. This should
  // allow removing some of the other Visit* methods, should unify the sandbox
  // vs no-sandbox implementation, and should allow removing various
  // XYZForSerialization methods throughout the codebase.
  if (host.IsJSExternalObject()) {
#ifdef V8_SANDBOXED_EXTERNAL_POINTERS
    // TODO(saelo) maybe add a helper method for this conversion if also needed
    // in other places? This might require a ExternalPointerTable::Get variant
    // that drops the pointer tag completely.
    uint32_t index = ptr >> kExternalPointerIndexShift;
    Address value =
        isolate()->external_pointer_table().Get(index, kExternalObjectValueTag);
#else
    Address value = ptr;
#endif
    // TODO(v8:12700) should we specify here whether we expect the references to
    // be internal or external (or either)?
    OutputExternalReference(value, kSystemPointerSize, true,
                            kExternalObjectValueTag);
    bytes_processed_so_far_ += kExternalPointerSize;
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitInternalReference(Code host,
                                                          RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  Address entry = Handle<Code>::cast(object_)->entry();
  DCHECK_GE(rinfo->target_internal_reference(), entry);
  uintptr_t target_offset = rinfo->target_internal_reference() - entry;
  // TODO(jgruber,v8:11036): We are being permissive for this DCHECK, but
  // consider using raw_instruction_size() instead of raw_body_size() in the
  // future.
  STATIC_ASSERT(Code::kOnHeapBodyIsContiguous);
  DCHECK_LE(target_offset, Handle<Code>::cast(object_)->raw_body_size());
  sink_->Put(kInternalReference, "InternalRef");
  sink_->PutInt(target_offset, "internal ref value");
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitRuntimeEntry(Code host,
                                                     RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  // We no longer serialize code that contains runtime entries.
  UNREACHABLE();
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitOffHeapTarget(Code host,
                                                      RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  STATIC_ASSERT(EmbeddedData::kTableSize == Builtins::kBuiltinCount);

  Address addr = rinfo->target_off_heap_target();
  CHECK_NE(kNullAddress, addr);

  Builtin builtin = OffHeapInstructionStream::TryLookupCode(isolate(), addr);
  CHECK(Builtins::IsBuiltinId(builtin));
  CHECK(Builtins::IsIsolateIndependent(builtin));

  sink_->Put(kOffHeapTarget, "OffHeapTarget");
  sink_->PutInt(static_cast<int>(builtin), "builtin index");
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::VisitCodeTarget(Code host,
                                                   RelocInfo* rinfo) {
  // Target object should be pre-serialized by RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer, so
  // just track the pointer's existence as kTaggedSize in
  // bytes_processed_so_far_.
  // TODO(leszeks): DCHECK that RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer serialized this
  // specific object already.
  bytes_processed_so_far_ += kTaggedSize;
}

namespace {

// Similar to OutputRawData, but substitutes the given field with the given
// value instead of reading it from the object.
void OutputRawWithCustomField(SnapshotByteSink* sink, Address object_start,
                              int written_so_far, int bytes_to_write,
                              int field_offset, int field_size,
                              const byte* field_value) {
  int offset = field_offset - written_so_far;
  if (0 <= offset && offset < bytes_to_write) {
    DCHECK_GE(bytes_to_write, offset + field_size);
    sink->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(object_start + written_so_far), offset,
                 "Bytes");
    sink->PutRaw(field_value, field_size, "Bytes");
    written_so_far += offset + field_size;
    bytes_to_write -= offset + field_size;
    sink->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(object_start + written_so_far),
                 bytes_to_write, "Bytes");
  } else {
    sink->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(object_start + written_so_far),
                 bytes_to_write, "Bytes");
  }
}
}  // anonymous namespace

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::OutputRawData(Address up_to) {
  Address object_start = object_->address();
  int base = bytes_processed_so_far_;
  int up_to_offset = static_cast<int>(up_to - object_start);
  int to_skip = up_to_offset - bytes_processed_so_far_;
  int bytes_to_output = to_skip;
  DCHECK(IsAligned(bytes_to_output, kTaggedSize));
  int tagged_to_output = bytes_to_output / kTaggedSize;
  bytes_processed_so_far_ += to_skip;
  DCHECK_GE(to_skip, 0);
  if (bytes_to_output != 0) {
    DCHECK(to_skip == bytes_to_output);
    if (tagged_to_output <= kFixedRawDataCount) {
      sink_->Put(FixedRawDataWithSize::Encode(tagged_to_output),
                 "FixedRawData");
    } else {
      sink_->Put(kVariableRawData, "VariableRawData");
      sink_->PutInt(tagged_to_output, "length");
    }
#ifdef MEMORY_SANITIZER
    // Check that we do not serialize uninitialized memory.
    __msan_check_mem_is_initialized(
        reinterpret_cast<void*>(object_start + base), bytes_to_output);
#endif  // MEMORY_SANITIZER
    PtrComprCageBase cage_base(isolate_);
    if (object_->IsBytecodeArray(cage_base)) {
      // The bytecode age field can be changed by GC concurrently.
      static_assert(BytecodeArray::kBytecodeAgeSize == kUInt16Size);
      uint16_t field_value = BytecodeArray::kNoAgeBytecodeAge;
      OutputRawWithCustomField(sink_, object_start, base, bytes_to_output,
                               BytecodeArray::kBytecodeAgeOffset,
                               sizeof(field_value),
                               reinterpret_cast<byte*>(&field_value));
    } else if (object_->IsDescriptorArray(cage_base)) {
      // The number of marked descriptors field can be changed by GC
      // concurrently.
      static byte field_value[2] = {0};
      OutputRawWithCustomField(
          sink_, object_start, base, bytes_to_output,
          DescriptorArray::kRawNumberOfMarkedDescriptorsOffset,
          sizeof(field_value), field_value);
    } else if (V8_EXTERNAL_CODE_SPACE_BOOL &&
               object_->IsCodeDataContainer(cage_base)) {
      // code_cage_base and code_entry_point fields contain raw values that
      // will be recomputed after deserialization, so write zeros to keep the
      // snapshot deterministic.
      CHECK_EQ(CodeDataContainer::kCodeCageBaseUpper32BitsOffset + kTaggedSize,
               CodeDataContainer::kCodeEntryPointOffset);
      static byte field_value[kTaggedSize + kExternalPointerSize] = {0};
      OutputRawWithCustomField(
          sink_, object_start, base, bytes_to_output,
          CodeDataContainer::kCodeCageBaseUpper32BitsOffset,
          sizeof(field_value), field_value);
    } else {
      sink_->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(object_start + base),
                    bytes_to_output, "Bytes");
    }
  }
}

void Serializer::ObjectSerializer::SerializeCode(Map map, int size) {
  static const int kWipeOutModeMask =
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::CODE_TARGET) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::FULL_EMBEDDED_OBJECT) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::COMPRESSED_EMBEDDED_OBJECT) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::EXTERNAL_REFERENCE) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::INTERNAL_REFERENCE) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::INTERNAL_REFERENCE_ENCODED) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::OFF_HEAP_TARGET) |
      RelocInfo::ModeMask(RelocInfo::RUNTIME_ENTRY);

  DCHECK_EQ(HeapObject::kHeaderSize, bytes_processed_so_far_);
  Handle<Code> on_heap_code = Handle<Code>::cast(object_);

  // With enabled pointer compression normal accessors no longer work for
  // off-heap objects, so we have to get the relocation info data via the
  // on-heap code object.
  ByteArray relocation_info = on_heap_code->unchecked_relocation_info();

  // To make snapshots reproducible, we make a copy of the code object
  // and wipe all pointers in the copy, which we then serialize.
  Code off_heap_code = serializer_->CopyCode(*on_heap_code);
  for (RelocIterator it(off_heap_code, relocation_info, kWipeOutModeMask);
       !it.done(); it.next()) {
    RelocInfo* rinfo = it.rinfo();
    rinfo->WipeOut();
  }
  // We need to wipe out the header fields *after* wiping out the
  // relocations, because some of these fields are needed for the latter.
  off_heap_code.WipeOutHeader();

  // Initially skip serializing the code header. We'll serialize it after the
  // Code body, so that the various fields the Code needs for iteration are
  // already valid.
  sink_->Put(kCodeBody, "kCodeBody");

  // Now serialize the wiped off-heap Code, as length + data.
  Address start = off_heap_code.address() + Code::kDataStart;
  int bytes_to_output = size - Code::kDataStart;
  DCHECK(IsAligned(bytes_to_output, kTaggedSize));
  int tagged_to_output = bytes_to_output / kTaggedSize;

  sink_->PutInt(tagged_to_output, "length");

#ifdef MEMORY_SANITIZER
  // Check that we do not serialize uninitialized memory.
  __msan_check_mem_is_initialized(reinterpret_cast<void*>(start),
                                  bytes_to_output);
#endif  // MEMORY_SANITIZER
  sink_->PutRaw(reinterpret_cast<byte*>(start), bytes_to_output, "Code");

  // Manually serialize the code header. We don't use Code::BodyDescriptor
  // here as we don't yet want to walk the RelocInfos.
  DCHECK_EQ(HeapObject::kHeaderSize, bytes_processed_so_far_);
  VisitPointers(*on_heap_code, on_heap_code->RawField(HeapObject::kHeaderSize),
                on_heap_code->RawField(Code::kDataStart));
  DCHECK_EQ(bytes_processed_so_far_, Code::kDataStart);

  // Now serialize RelocInfos. We can't allocate during a RelocInfo walk during
  // deserualization, so we have two passes for RelocInfo serialization:
  //   1. A pre-serializer which serializes all allocatable objects in the
  //      RelocInfo, followed by a kSynchronize bytecode, and
  //   2. A walk the RelocInfo with this serializer, serializing any objects
  //      implicitly as offsets into the pre-serializer's object array.
  // This way, the deserializer can deserialize the allocatable objects first,
  // without walking RelocInfo, re-build the pre-serializer's object array, and
  // only then walk the RelocInfo itself.
  // TODO(leszeks): We only really need to pre-serialize objects which need
  // serialization, i.e. no backrefs or roots.
  RelocInfoObjectPreSerializer pre_serializer(serializer_);
  for (RelocIterator it(*on_heap_code, relocation_info,
                        Code::BodyDescriptor::kRelocModeMask);
       !it.done(); it.next()) {
    it.rinfo()->Visit(&pre_serializer);
  }
  // Mark that the pre-serialization finished with a kSynchronize bytecode.
  sink_->Put(kSynchronize, "PreSerializationFinished");

  // Finally serialize all RelocInfo objects in the on-heap Code, knowing that
  // we will not do a recursive serialization.
  // TODO(leszeks): Add a scope that DCHECKs this.
  for (RelocIterator it(*on_heap_code, relocation_info,
                        Code::BodyDescriptor::kRelocModeMask);
       !it.done(); it.next()) {
    it.rinfo()->Visit(this);
  }

  // We record a kTaggedSize for every object encountered during the
  // serialization, so DCHECK that bytes_processed_so_far_ matches the expected
  // number of bytes (i.e. the code header + a tagged size per pre-serialized
  // object).
  DCHECK_EQ(
      bytes_processed_so_far_,
      Code::kDataStart + kTaggedSize * pre_serializer.num_serialized_objects());
}

Serializer::HotObjectsList::HotObjectsList(Heap* heap) : heap_(heap) {
  strong_roots_entry_ = heap->RegisterStrongRoots(
      "Serializer::HotObjectsList", FullObjectSlot(&circular_queue_[0]),
      FullObjectSlot(&circular_queue_[kSize]));
}
Serializer::HotObjectsList::~HotObjectsList() {
  heap_->UnregisterStrongRoots(strong_roots_entry_);
}

Handle<FixedArray> ObjectCacheIndexMap::Values(Isolate* isolate) {
  if (size() == 0) {
    return isolate->factory()->empty_fixed_array();
  }
  Handle<FixedArray> externals = isolate->factory()->NewFixedArray(size());
  DisallowGarbageCollection no_gc;
  FixedArray raw = *externals;
  IdentityMap<int, base::DefaultAllocationPolicy>::IteratableScope it_scope(
      &map_);
  for (auto it = it_scope.begin(); it != it_scope.end(); ++it) {
    raw.set(*it.entry(), it.key());
  }

  return externals;
}

}  // namespace internal
}  // namespace v8