xref: /kernel/linux/linux-6.6/drivers/mtd/ubi/ubi-media.h (revision 62306a36)

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR BSD-3-Clause) */
/*
 * Copyright (C) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
 * Authors: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
 *          Thomas Gleixner
 *          Frank Haverkamp
 *          Oliver Lohmann
 *          Andreas Arnez
 *
 * This file defines the layout of UBI headers and all the other UBI on-flash
 * data structures.
 */

#ifndef __UBI_MEDIA_H__
#define __UBI_MEDIA_H__

#include <asm/byteorder.h>

/* The version of UBI images supported by this implementation */
#define UBI_VERSION 1

/* The highest erase counter value supported by this implementation */
#define UBI_MAX_ERASECOUNTER 0x7FFFFFFF

/* The initial CRC32 value used when calculating CRC checksums */
#define UBI_CRC32_INIT 0xFFFFFFFFU

/* Erase counter header magic number (ASCII "UBI#") */
#define UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC  0x55424923
/* Volume identifier header magic number (ASCII "UBI!") */
#define UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC 0x55424921

/*
 * Volume type constants used in the volume identifier header.
 *
 * @UBI_VID_DYNAMIC: dynamic volume
 * @UBI_VID_STATIC: static volume
 */
enum {
	UBI_VID_DYNAMIC = 1,
	UBI_VID_STATIC  = 2
};

/*
 * Volume flags used in the volume table record.
 *
 * @UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG: auto-resize this volume
 * @UBI_VTBL_SKIP_CRC_CHECK_FLG: skip the CRC check done on a static volume at
 *				 open time. Should only be set on volumes that
 *				 are used by upper layers doing this kind of
 *				 check. Main use-case for this flag is
 *				 boot-time reduction
 *
 * %UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG flag can be set only for one volume in the volume
 * table. UBI automatically re-sizes the volume which has this flag and makes
 * the volume to be of largest possible size. This means that if after the
 * initialization UBI finds out that there are available physical eraseblocks
 * present on the device, it automatically appends all of them to the volume
 * (the physical eraseblocks reserved for bad eraseblocks handling and other
 * reserved physical eraseblocks are not taken). So, if there is a volume with
 * the %UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG flag set, the amount of available logical
 * eraseblocks will be zero after UBI is loaded, because all of them will be
 * reserved for this volume. Note, the %UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG bit is cleared
 * after the volume had been initialized.
 *
 * The auto-resize feature is useful for device production purposes. For
 * example, different NAND flash chips may have different amount of initial bad
 * eraseblocks, depending of particular chip instance. Manufacturers of NAND
 * chips usually guarantee that the amount of initial bad eraseblocks does not
 * exceed certain percent, e.g. 2%. When one creates an UBI image which will be
 * flashed to the end devices in production, he does not know the exact amount
 * of good physical eraseblocks the NAND chip on the device will have, but this
 * number is required to calculate the volume sized and put them to the volume
 * table of the UBI image. In this case, one of the volumes (e.g., the one
 * which will store the root file system) is marked as "auto-resizable", and
 * UBI will adjust its size on the first boot if needed.
 *
 * Note, first UBI reserves some amount of physical eraseblocks for bad
 * eraseblock handling, and then re-sizes the volume, not vice-versa. This
 * means that the pool of reserved physical eraseblocks will always be present.
 */
enum {
	UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG = 0x01,
	UBI_VTBL_SKIP_CRC_CHECK_FLG = 0x02,
};

/*
 * Compatibility constants used by internal volumes.
 *
 * @UBI_COMPAT_DELETE: delete this internal volume before anything is written
 *                     to the flash
 * @UBI_COMPAT_RO: attach this device in read-only mode
 * @UBI_COMPAT_PRESERVE: preserve this internal volume - do not touch its
 *                       physical eraseblocks, don't allow the wear-leveling
 *                       sub-system to move them
 * @UBI_COMPAT_REJECT: reject this UBI image
 */
enum {
	UBI_COMPAT_DELETE   = 1,
	UBI_COMPAT_RO       = 2,
	UBI_COMPAT_PRESERVE = 4,
	UBI_COMPAT_REJECT   = 5
};

/* Sizes of UBI headers */
#define UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE  sizeof(struct ubi_ec_hdr)
#define UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE sizeof(struct ubi_vid_hdr)

/* Sizes of UBI headers without the ending CRC */
#define UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC  (UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE  - sizeof(__be32))
#define UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC (UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE - sizeof(__be32))

/**
 * struct ubi_ec_hdr - UBI erase counter header.
 * @magic: erase counter header magic number (%UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC)
 * @version: version of UBI implementation which is supposed to accept this
 *           UBI image
 * @padding1: reserved for future, zeroes
 * @ec: the erase counter
 * @vid_hdr_offset: where the VID header starts
 * @data_offset: where the user data start
 * @image_seq: image sequence number
 * @padding2: reserved for future, zeroes
 * @hdr_crc: erase counter header CRC checksum
 *
 * The erase counter header takes 64 bytes and has a plenty of unused space for
 * future usage. The unused fields are zeroed. The @version field is used to
 * indicate the version of UBI implementation which is supposed to be able to
 * work with this UBI image. If @version is greater than the current UBI
 * version, the image is rejected. This may be useful in future if something
 * is changed radically. This field is duplicated in the volume identifier
 * header.
 *
 * The @vid_hdr_offset and @data_offset fields contain the offset of the
 * volume identifier header and user data, relative to the beginning of the
 * physical eraseblock. These values have to be the same for all physical
 * eraseblocks.
 *
 * The @image_seq field is used to validate a UBI image that has been prepared
 * for a UBI device. The @image_seq value can be any value, but it must be the
 * same on all eraseblocks. UBI will ensure that all new erase counter headers
 * also contain this value, and will check the value when attaching the flash.
 * One way to make use of @image_seq is to increase its value by one every time
 * an image is flashed over an existing image, then, if the flashing does not
 * complete, UBI will detect the error when attaching the media.
 */
struct ubi_ec_hdr {
	__be32  magic;
	__u8    version;
	__u8    padding1[3];
	__be64  ec; /* Warning: the current limit is 31-bit anyway! */
	__be32  vid_hdr_offset;
	__be32  data_offset;
	__be32  image_seq;
	__u8    padding2[32];
	__be32  hdr_crc;
} __packed;

/**
 * struct ubi_vid_hdr - on-flash UBI volume identifier header.
 * @magic: volume identifier header magic number (%UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC)
 * @version: UBI implementation version which is supposed to accept this UBI
 *           image (%UBI_VERSION)
 * @vol_type: volume type (%UBI_VID_DYNAMIC or %UBI_VID_STATIC)
 * @copy_flag: if this logical eraseblock was copied from another physical
 *             eraseblock (for wear-leveling reasons)
 * @compat: compatibility of this volume (%0, %UBI_COMPAT_DELETE,
 *          %UBI_COMPAT_IGNORE, %UBI_COMPAT_PRESERVE, or %UBI_COMPAT_REJECT)
 * @vol_id: ID of this volume
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @padding1: reserved for future, zeroes
 * @data_size: how many bytes of data this logical eraseblock contains
 * @used_ebs: total number of used logical eraseblocks in this volume
 * @data_pad: how many bytes at the end of this physical eraseblock are not
 *            used
 * @data_crc: CRC checksum of the data stored in this logical eraseblock
 * @padding2: reserved for future, zeroes
 * @sqnum: sequence number
 * @padding3: reserved for future, zeroes
 * @hdr_crc: volume identifier header CRC checksum
 *
 * The @sqnum is the value of the global sequence counter at the time when this
 * VID header was created. The global sequence counter is incremented each time
 * UBI writes a new VID header to the flash, i.e. when it maps a logical
 * eraseblock to a new physical eraseblock. The global sequence counter is an
 * unsigned 64-bit integer and we assume it never overflows. The @sqnum
 * (sequence number) is used to distinguish between older and newer versions of
 * logical eraseblocks.
 *
 * There are 2 situations when there may be more than one physical eraseblock
 * corresponding to the same logical eraseblock, i.e., having the same @vol_id
 * and @lnum values in the volume identifier header. Suppose we have a logical
 * eraseblock L and it is mapped to the physical eraseblock P.
 *
 * 1. Because UBI may erase physical eraseblocks asynchronously, the following
 * situation is possible: L is asynchronously erased, so P is scheduled for
 * erasure, then L is written to,i.e. mapped to another physical eraseblock P1,
 * so P1 is written to, then an unclean reboot happens. Result - there are 2
 * physical eraseblocks P and P1 corresponding to the same logical eraseblock
 * L. But P1 has greater sequence number, so UBI picks P1 when it attaches the
 * flash.
 *
 * 2. From time to time UBI moves logical eraseblocks to other physical
 * eraseblocks for wear-leveling reasons. If, for example, UBI moves L from P
 * to P1, and an unclean reboot happens before P is physically erased, there
 * are two physical eraseblocks P and P1 corresponding to L and UBI has to
 * select one of them when the flash is attached. The @sqnum field says which
 * PEB is the original (obviously P will have lower @sqnum) and the copy. But
 * it is not enough to select the physical eraseblock with the higher sequence
 * number, because the unclean reboot could have happen in the middle of the
 * copying process, so the data in P is corrupted. It is also not enough to
 * just select the physical eraseblock with lower sequence number, because the
 * data there may be old (consider a case if more data was added to P1 after
 * the copying). Moreover, the unclean reboot may happen when the erasure of P
 * was just started, so it result in unstable P, which is "mostly" OK, but
 * still has unstable bits.
 *
 * UBI uses the @copy_flag field to indicate that this logical eraseblock is a
 * copy. UBI also calculates data CRC when the data is moved and stores it at
 * the @data_crc field of the copy (P1). So when UBI needs to pick one physical
 * eraseblock of two (P or P1), the @copy_flag of the newer one (P1) is
 * examined. If it is cleared, the situation is simple and the newer one is
 * picked. If it is set, the data CRC of the copy (P1) is examined. If the CRC
 * checksum is correct, this physical eraseblock is selected (P1). Otherwise
 * the older one (P) is selected.
 *
 * There are 2 sorts of volumes in UBI: user volumes and internal volumes.
 * Internal volumes are not seen from outside and are used for various internal
 * UBI purposes. In this implementation there is only one internal volume - the
 * layout volume. Internal volumes are the main mechanism of UBI extensions.
 * For example, in future one may introduce a journal internal volume. Internal
 * volumes have their own reserved range of IDs.
 *
 * The @compat field is only used for internal volumes and contains the "degree
 * of their compatibility". It is always zero for user volumes. This field
 * provides a mechanism to introduce UBI extensions and to be still compatible
 * with older UBI binaries. For example, if someone introduced a journal in
 * future, he would probably use %UBI_COMPAT_DELETE compatibility for the
 * journal volume.  And in this case, older UBI binaries, which know nothing
 * about the journal volume, would just delete this volume and work perfectly
 * fine. This is similar to what Ext2fs does when it is fed by an Ext3fs image
 * - it just ignores the Ext3fs journal.
 *
 * The @data_crc field contains the CRC checksum of the contents of the logical
 * eraseblock if this is a static volume. In case of dynamic volumes, it does
 * not contain the CRC checksum as a rule. The only exception is when the
 * data of the physical eraseblock was moved by the wear-leveling sub-system,
 * then the wear-leveling sub-system calculates the data CRC and stores it in
 * the @data_crc field. And of course, the @copy_flag is %in this case.
 *
 * The @data_size field is used only for static volumes because UBI has to know
 * how many bytes of data are stored in this eraseblock. For dynamic volumes,
 * this field usually contains zero. The only exception is when the data of the
 * physical eraseblock was moved to another physical eraseblock for
 * wear-leveling reasons. In this case, UBI calculates CRC checksum of the
 * contents and uses both @data_crc and @data_size fields. In this case, the
 * @data_size field contains data size.
 *
 * The @used_ebs field is used only for static volumes and indicates how many
 * eraseblocks the data of the volume takes. For dynamic volumes this field is
 * not used and always contains zero.
 *
 * The @data_pad is calculated when volumes are created using the alignment
 * parameter. So, effectively, the @data_pad field reduces the size of logical
 * eraseblocks of this volume. This is very handy when one uses block-oriented
 * software (say, cramfs) on top of the UBI volume.
 */
struct ubi_vid_hdr {
	__be32  magic;
	__u8    version;
	__u8    vol_type;
	__u8    copy_flag;
	__u8    compat;
	__be32  vol_id;
	__be32  lnum;
	__u8    padding1[4];
	__be32  data_size;
	__be32  used_ebs;
	__be32  data_pad;
	__be32  data_crc;
	__u8    padding2[4];
	__be64  sqnum;
	__u8    padding3[12];
	__be32  hdr_crc;
} __packed;

/* Internal UBI volumes count */
#define UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT 1

/*
 * Starting ID of internal volumes: 0x7fffefff.
 * There is reserved room for 4096 internal volumes.
 */
#define UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START (0x7FFFFFFF - 4096)

/* The layout volume contains the volume table */

#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_ID     UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START
#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_TYPE   UBI_VID_DYNAMIC
#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_ALIGN  1
#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_EBS    2
#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_NAME   "layout volume"
#define UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_COMPAT UBI_COMPAT_REJECT

/* The maximum number of volumes per one UBI device */
#define UBI_MAX_VOLUMES 128

/* The maximum volume name length */
#define UBI_VOL_NAME_MAX 127

/* Size of the volume table record */
#define UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE sizeof(struct ubi_vtbl_record)

/* Size of the volume table record without the ending CRC */
#define UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE_CRC (UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE - sizeof(__be32))

/**
 * struct ubi_vtbl_record - a record in the volume table.
 * @reserved_pebs: how many physical eraseblocks are reserved for this volume
 * @alignment: volume alignment
 * @data_pad: how many bytes are unused at the end of the each physical
 * eraseblock to satisfy the requested alignment
 * @vol_type: volume type (%UBI_DYNAMIC_VOLUME or %UBI_STATIC_VOLUME)
 * @upd_marker: if volume update was started but not finished
 * @name_len: volume name length
 * @name: the volume name
 * @flags: volume flags (%UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG)
 * @padding: reserved, zeroes
 * @crc: a CRC32 checksum of the record
 *
 * The volume table records are stored in the volume table, which is stored in
 * the layout volume. The layout volume consists of 2 logical eraseblock, each
 * of which contains a copy of the volume table (i.e., the volume table is
 * duplicated). The volume table is an array of &struct ubi_vtbl_record
 * objects indexed by the volume ID.
 *
 * If the size of the logical eraseblock is large enough to fit
 * %UBI_MAX_VOLUMES records, the volume table contains %UBI_MAX_VOLUMES
 * records. Otherwise, it contains as many records as it can fit (i.e., size of
 * logical eraseblock divided by sizeof(struct ubi_vtbl_record)).
 *
 * The @upd_marker flag is used to implement volume update. It is set to %1
 * before update and set to %0 after the update. So if the update operation was
 * interrupted, UBI knows that the volume is corrupted.
 *
 * The @alignment field is specified when the volume is created and cannot be
 * later changed. It may be useful, for example, when a block-oriented file
 * system works on top of UBI. The @data_pad field is calculated using the
 * logical eraseblock size and @alignment. The alignment must be multiple to the
 * minimal flash I/O unit. If @alignment is 1, all the available space of
 * the physical eraseblocks is used.
 *
 * Empty records contain all zeroes and the CRC checksum of those zeroes.
 */
struct ubi_vtbl_record {
	__be32  reserved_pebs;
	__be32  alignment;
	__be32  data_pad;
	__u8    vol_type;
	__u8    upd_marker;
	__be16  name_len;
	__u8    name[UBI_VOL_NAME_MAX+1];
	__u8    flags;
	__u8    padding[23];
	__be32  crc;
} __packed;

/* UBI fastmap on-flash data structures */

#define UBI_FM_SB_VOLUME_ID	(UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_ID + 1)
#define UBI_FM_DATA_VOLUME_ID	(UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_ID + 2)

/* fastmap on-flash data structure format version */
#define UBI_FM_FMT_VERSION	1

#define UBI_FM_SB_MAGIC		0x7B11D69F
#define UBI_FM_HDR_MAGIC	0xD4B82EF7
#define UBI_FM_VHDR_MAGIC	0xFA370ED1
#define UBI_FM_POOL_MAGIC	0x67AF4D08
#define UBI_FM_EBA_MAGIC	0xf0c040a8

/* A fastmap super block can be located between PEB 0 and
 * UBI_FM_MAX_START */
#define UBI_FM_MAX_START	64

/* A fastmap can use up to UBI_FM_MAX_BLOCKS PEBs */
#define UBI_FM_MAX_BLOCKS	32

/* 5% of the total number of PEBs have to be scanned while attaching
 * from a fastmap.
 * But the size of this pool is limited to be between UBI_FM_MIN_POOL_SIZE and
 * UBI_FM_MAX_POOL_SIZE */
#define UBI_FM_MIN_POOL_SIZE	8
#define UBI_FM_MAX_POOL_SIZE	256

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_sb - UBI fastmap super block
 * @magic: fastmap super block magic number (%UBI_FM_SB_MAGIC)
 * @version: format version of this fastmap
 * @data_crc: CRC over the fastmap data
 * @used_blocks: number of PEBs used by this fastmap
 * @block_loc: an array containing the location of all PEBs of the fastmap
 * @block_ec: the erase counter of each used PEB
 * @sqnum: highest sequence number value at the time while taking the fastmap
 *
 */
struct ubi_fm_sb {
	__be32 magic;
	__u8 version;
	__u8 padding1[3];
	__be32 data_crc;
	__be32 used_blocks;
	__be32 block_loc[UBI_FM_MAX_BLOCKS];
	__be32 block_ec[UBI_FM_MAX_BLOCKS];
	__be64 sqnum;
	__u8 padding2[32];
} __packed;

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_hdr - header of the fastmap data set
 * @magic: fastmap header magic number (%UBI_FM_HDR_MAGIC)
 * @free_peb_count: number of free PEBs known by this fastmap
 * @used_peb_count: number of used PEBs known by this fastmap
 * @scrub_peb_count: number of to be scrubbed PEBs known by this fastmap
 * @bad_peb_count: number of bad PEBs known by this fastmap
 * @erase_peb_count: number of bad PEBs which have to be erased
 * @vol_count: number of UBI volumes known by this fastmap
 */
struct ubi_fm_hdr {
	__be32 magic;
	__be32 free_peb_count;
	__be32 used_peb_count;
	__be32 scrub_peb_count;
	__be32 bad_peb_count;
	__be32 erase_peb_count;
	__be32 vol_count;
	__u8 padding[4];
} __packed;

/* struct ubi_fm_hdr is followed by two struct ubi_fm_scan_pool */

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_scan_pool - Fastmap pool PEBs to be scanned while attaching
 * @magic: pool magic numer (%UBI_FM_POOL_MAGIC)
 * @size: current pool size
 * @max_size: maximal pool size
 * @pebs: an array containing the location of all PEBs in this pool
 */
struct ubi_fm_scan_pool {
	__be32 magic;
	__be16 size;
	__be16 max_size;
	__be32 pebs[UBI_FM_MAX_POOL_SIZE];
	__be32 padding[4];
} __packed;

/* ubi_fm_scan_pool is followed by nfree+nused struct ubi_fm_ec records */

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_ec - stores the erase counter of a PEB
 * @pnum: PEB number
 * @ec: ec of this PEB
 */
struct ubi_fm_ec {
	__be32 pnum;
	__be32 ec;
} __packed;

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_volhdr - Fastmap volume header
 * it identifies the start of an eba table
 * @magic: Fastmap volume header magic number (%UBI_FM_VHDR_MAGIC)
 * @vol_id: volume id of the fastmapped volume
 * @vol_type: type of the fastmapped volume
 * @data_pad: data_pad value of the fastmapped volume
 * @used_ebs: number of used LEBs within this volume
 * @last_eb_bytes: number of bytes used in the last LEB
 */
struct ubi_fm_volhdr {
	__be32 magic;
	__be32 vol_id;
	__u8 vol_type;
	__u8 padding1[3];
	__be32 data_pad;
	__be32 used_ebs;
	__be32 last_eb_bytes;
	__u8 padding2[8];
} __packed;

/* struct ubi_fm_volhdr is followed by one struct ubi_fm_eba records */

/**
 * struct ubi_fm_eba - denotes an association between a PEB and LEB
 * @magic: EBA table magic number
 * @reserved_pebs: number of table entries
 * @pnum: PEB number of LEB (LEB is the index)
 */
struct ubi_fm_eba {
	__be32 magic;
	__be32 reserved_pebs;
	__be32 pnum[];
} __packed;
#endif /* !__UBI_MEDIA_H__ */