1// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
2/*
3 * Copyright (C) 2020-2023 Intel Corporation
4 */
5
6#include <linux/bitfield.h>
7#include <linux/highmem.h>
8
9#include "ivpu_drv.h"
10#include "ivpu_hw.h"
11#include "ivpu_mmu.h"
12#include "ivpu_mmu_context.h"
13
14#define IVPU_MMU_VPU_ADDRESS_MASK        GENMASK(47, 12)
15#define IVPU_MMU_PGD_INDEX_MASK          GENMASK(47, 39)
16#define IVPU_MMU_PUD_INDEX_MASK          GENMASK(38, 30)
17#define IVPU_MMU_PMD_INDEX_MASK          GENMASK(29, 21)
18#define IVPU_MMU_PTE_INDEX_MASK          GENMASK(20, 12)
19#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAGS_MASK        (BIT(52) | GENMASK(11, 0))
20#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_CONT         BIT(52)
21#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_NG           BIT(11)
22#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_AF           BIT(10)
23#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_USER         BIT(6)
24#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_LLC_COHERENT BIT(2)
25#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_TYPE_PAGE    BIT(1)
26#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_VALID        BIT(0)
27
28#define IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE       SZ_4K
29#define IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE (IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE * 16)
30#define IVPU_MMU_PTE_MAP_SIZE    (IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES * IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE)
31#define IVPU_MMU_PMD_MAP_SIZE    (IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES * IVPU_MMU_PTE_MAP_SIZE)
32#define IVPU_MMU_PUD_MAP_SIZE    (IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES * IVPU_MMU_PMD_MAP_SIZE)
33#define IVPU_MMU_PGD_MAP_SIZE    (IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES * IVPU_MMU_PUD_MAP_SIZE)
34#define IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE    (IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES * sizeof(u64))
35
36#define IVPU_MMU_DUMMY_ADDRESS 0xdeadb000
37#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_VALID   (IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_TYPE_PAGE | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_VALID)
38#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_INVALID (IVPU_MMU_DUMMY_ADDRESS & ~IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAGS_MASK)
39#define IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_MAPPED  (IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_AF | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_USER | \
40				IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_NG | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_VALID)
41
42static int ivpu_mmu_pgtable_init(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable)
43{
44	dma_addr_t pgd_dma;
45
46	pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr = dma_alloc_coherent(vdev->drm.dev, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, &pgd_dma,
47						  GFP_KERNEL);
48	if (!pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr)
49		return -ENOMEM;
50
51	pgtable->pgd_dma = pgd_dma;
52
53	return 0;
54}
55
56static void ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(struct ivpu_device *vdev, u64 *cpu_addr, dma_addr_t dma_addr)
57{
58	if (cpu_addr)
59		dma_free_coherent(vdev->drm.dev, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, cpu_addr,
60				  dma_addr & ~IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAGS_MASK);
61}
62
63static void ivpu_mmu_pgtables_free(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable)
64{
65	int pgd_idx, pud_idx, pmd_idx;
66	dma_addr_t pud_dma, pmd_dma, pte_dma;
67	u64 *pud_dma_ptr, *pmd_dma_ptr, *pte_dma_ptr;
68
69	for (pgd_idx = 0; pgd_idx < IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES; ++pgd_idx) {
70		pud_dma_ptr = pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx];
71		pud_dma = pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr[pgd_idx];
72
73		if (!pud_dma_ptr)
74			continue;
75
76		for (pud_idx = 0; pud_idx < IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES; ++pud_idx) {
77			pmd_dma_ptr = pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx];
78			pmd_dma = pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx];
79
80			if (!pmd_dma_ptr)
81				continue;
82
83			for (pmd_idx = 0; pmd_idx < IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_ENTRIES; ++pmd_idx) {
84				pte_dma_ptr = pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx];
85				pte_dma = pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx];
86
87				ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pte_dma_ptr, pte_dma);
88			}
89
90			kfree(pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx]);
91			ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pmd_dma_ptr, pmd_dma);
92		}
93
94		kfree(pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx]);
95		kfree(pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx]);
96		ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pud_dma_ptr, pud_dma);
97	}
98
99	ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr, pgtable->pgd_dma);
100}
101
102static u64*
103ivpu_mmu_ensure_pud(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable, int pgd_idx)
104{
105	u64 *pud_dma_ptr = pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx];
106	dma_addr_t pud_dma;
107
108	if (pud_dma_ptr)
109		return pud_dma_ptr;
110
111	pud_dma_ptr = dma_alloc_wc(vdev->drm.dev, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, &pud_dma, GFP_KERNEL);
112	if (!pud_dma_ptr)
113		return NULL;
114
115	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx]);
116	pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx] = kzalloc(IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
117	if (!pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx])
118		goto err_free_pud_dma_ptr;
119
120	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx]);
121	pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx] = kzalloc(IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
122	if (!pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx])
123		goto err_free_pmd_ptrs;
124
125	pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx] = pud_dma_ptr;
126	pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr[pgd_idx] = pud_dma | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_VALID;
127
128	return pud_dma_ptr;
129
130err_free_pmd_ptrs:
131	kfree(pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx]);
132
133err_free_pud_dma_ptr:
134	ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pud_dma_ptr, pud_dma);
135	return NULL;
136}
137
138static u64*
139ivpu_mmu_ensure_pmd(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable, int pgd_idx,
140		    int pud_idx)
141{
142	u64 *pmd_dma_ptr = pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx];
143	dma_addr_t pmd_dma;
144
145	if (pmd_dma_ptr)
146		return pmd_dma_ptr;
147
148	pmd_dma_ptr = dma_alloc_wc(vdev->drm.dev, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, &pmd_dma, GFP_KERNEL);
149	if (!pmd_dma_ptr)
150		return NULL;
151
152	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx]);
153	pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx] = kzalloc(IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
154	if (!pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx])
155		goto err_free_pmd_dma_ptr;
156
157	pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx] = pmd_dma_ptr;
158	pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx] = pmd_dma | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_VALID;
159
160	return pmd_dma_ptr;
161
162err_free_pmd_dma_ptr:
163	ivpu_mmu_pgtable_free(vdev, pmd_dma_ptr, pmd_dma);
164	return NULL;
165}
166
167static u64*
168ivpu_mmu_ensure_pte(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable,
169		    int pgd_idx, int pud_idx, int pmd_idx)
170{
171	u64 *pte_dma_ptr = pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx];
172	dma_addr_t pte_dma;
173
174	if (pte_dma_ptr)
175		return pte_dma_ptr;
176
177	pte_dma_ptr = dma_alloc_wc(vdev->drm.dev, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE, &pte_dma, GFP_KERNEL);
178	if (!pte_dma_ptr)
179		return NULL;
180
181	pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx] = pte_dma_ptr;
182	pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx] = pte_dma | IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_VALID;
183
184	return pte_dma_ptr;
185}
186
187static int
188ivpu_mmu_context_map_page(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx,
189			  u64 vpu_addr, dma_addr_t dma_addr, u64 prot)
190{
191	u64 *pte;
192	int pgd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PGD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
193	int pud_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PUD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
194	int pmd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PMD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
195	int pte_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PTE_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
196
197	/* Allocate PUD - second level page table if needed */
198	if (!ivpu_mmu_ensure_pud(vdev, &ctx->pgtable, pgd_idx))
199		return -ENOMEM;
200
201	/* Allocate PMD - third level page table if needed */
202	if (!ivpu_mmu_ensure_pmd(vdev, &ctx->pgtable, pgd_idx, pud_idx))
203		return -ENOMEM;
204
205	/* Allocate PTE - fourth level page table if needed */
206	pte = ivpu_mmu_ensure_pte(vdev, &ctx->pgtable, pgd_idx, pud_idx, pmd_idx);
207	if (!pte)
208		return -ENOMEM;
209
210	/* Update PTE */
211	pte[pte_idx] = dma_addr | prot;
212
213	return 0;
214}
215
216static int
217ivpu_mmu_context_map_cont_64k(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u64 vpu_addr,
218			      dma_addr_t dma_addr, u64 prot)
219{
220	size_t size = IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE;
221
222	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, !IS_ALIGNED(vpu_addr, size));
223	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, !IS_ALIGNED(dma_addr, size));
224
225	prot |= IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_CONT;
226
227	while (size) {
228		int ret = ivpu_mmu_context_map_page(vdev, ctx, vpu_addr, dma_addr, prot);
229
230		if (ret)
231			return ret;
232
233		size -= IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
234		vpu_addr += IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
235		dma_addr += IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
236	}
237
238	return 0;
239}
240
241static void ivpu_mmu_context_unmap_page(struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u64 vpu_addr)
242{
243	int pgd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PGD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
244	int pud_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PUD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
245	int pmd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PMD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
246	int pte_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PTE_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
247
248	/* Update PTE with dummy physical address and clear flags */
249	ctx->pgtable.pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx][pte_idx] = IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_INVALID;
250}
251
252static void
253ivpu_mmu_context_flush_page_tables(struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u64 vpu_addr, size_t size)
254{
255	struct ivpu_mmu_pgtable *pgtable = &ctx->pgtable;
256	u64 end_addr = vpu_addr + size;
257
258	/* Align to PMD entry (2 MB) */
259	vpu_addr &= ~(IVPU_MMU_PTE_MAP_SIZE - 1);
260
261	while (vpu_addr < end_addr) {
262		int pgd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PGD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
263		u64 pud_end = (pgd_idx + 1) * (u64)IVPU_MMU_PUD_MAP_SIZE;
264
265		while (vpu_addr < end_addr && vpu_addr < pud_end) {
266			int pud_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PUD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
267			u64 pmd_end = (pud_idx + 1) * (u64)IVPU_MMU_PMD_MAP_SIZE;
268
269			while (vpu_addr < end_addr && vpu_addr < pmd_end) {
270				int pmd_idx = FIELD_GET(IVPU_MMU_PMD_INDEX_MASK, vpu_addr);
271
272				clflush_cache_range(pgtable->pte_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx][pmd_idx],
273						    IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE);
274				vpu_addr += IVPU_MMU_PTE_MAP_SIZE;
275			}
276			clflush_cache_range(pgtable->pmd_ptrs[pgd_idx][pud_idx],
277					    IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE);
278		}
279		clflush_cache_range(pgtable->pud_ptrs[pgd_idx], IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE);
280	}
281	clflush_cache_range(pgtable->pgd_dma_ptr, IVPU_MMU_PGTABLE_SIZE);
282}
283
284static int
285ivpu_mmu_context_map_pages(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx,
286			   u64 vpu_addr, dma_addr_t dma_addr, size_t size, u64 prot)
287{
288	int map_size;
289	int ret;
290
291	while (size) {
292		if (!ivpu_disable_mmu_cont_pages && size >= IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE &&
293		    IS_ALIGNED(vpu_addr | dma_addr, IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE)) {
294			ret = ivpu_mmu_context_map_cont_64k(vdev, ctx, vpu_addr, dma_addr, prot);
295			map_size = IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE;
296		} else {
297			ret = ivpu_mmu_context_map_page(vdev, ctx, vpu_addr, dma_addr, prot);
298			map_size = IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
299		}
300
301		if (ret)
302			return ret;
303
304		vpu_addr += map_size;
305		dma_addr += map_size;
306		size -= map_size;
307	}
308
309	return 0;
310}
311
312static void ivpu_mmu_context_unmap_pages(struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u64 vpu_addr, size_t size)
313{
314	while (size) {
315		ivpu_mmu_context_unmap_page(ctx, vpu_addr);
316		vpu_addr += IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
317		size -= IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE;
318	}
319}
320
321int
322ivpu_mmu_context_map_sgt(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx,
323			 u64 vpu_addr, struct sg_table *sgt,  bool llc_coherent)
324{
325	struct scatterlist *sg;
326	int ret;
327	u64 prot;
328	u64 i;
329
330	if (!IS_ALIGNED(vpu_addr, IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE))
331		return -EINVAL;
332
333	if (vpu_addr & ~IVPU_MMU_VPU_ADDRESS_MASK)
334		return -EINVAL;
335
336	prot = IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_MAPPED;
337	if (llc_coherent)
338		prot |= IVPU_MMU_ENTRY_FLAG_LLC_COHERENT;
339
340	mutex_lock(&ctx->lock);
341
342	for_each_sgtable_dma_sg(sgt, sg, i) {
343		dma_addr_t dma_addr = sg_dma_address(sg) - sg->offset;
344		size_t size = sg_dma_len(sg) + sg->offset;
345
346		ret = ivpu_mmu_context_map_pages(vdev, ctx, vpu_addr, dma_addr, size, prot);
347		if (ret) {
348			ivpu_err(vdev, "Failed to map context pages\n");
349			mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
350			return ret;
351		}
352		ivpu_mmu_context_flush_page_tables(ctx, vpu_addr, size);
353		vpu_addr += size;
354	}
355
356	mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
357
358	ret = ivpu_mmu_invalidate_tlb(vdev, ctx->id);
359	if (ret)
360		ivpu_err(vdev, "Failed to invalidate TLB for ctx %u: %d\n", ctx->id, ret);
361	return ret;
362}
363
364void
365ivpu_mmu_context_unmap_sgt(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx,
366			   u64 vpu_addr, struct sg_table *sgt)
367{
368	struct scatterlist *sg;
369	int ret;
370	u64 i;
371
372	if (!IS_ALIGNED(vpu_addr, IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE))
373		ivpu_warn(vdev, "Unaligned vpu_addr: 0x%llx\n", vpu_addr);
374
375	mutex_lock(&ctx->lock);
376
377	for_each_sgtable_dma_sg(sgt, sg, i) {
378		size_t size = sg_dma_len(sg) + sg->offset;
379
380		ivpu_mmu_context_unmap_pages(ctx, vpu_addr, size);
381		ivpu_mmu_context_flush_page_tables(ctx, vpu_addr, size);
382		vpu_addr += size;
383	}
384
385	mutex_unlock(&ctx->lock);
386
387	ret = ivpu_mmu_invalidate_tlb(vdev, ctx->id);
388	if (ret)
389		ivpu_warn(vdev, "Failed to invalidate TLB for ctx %u: %d\n", ctx->id, ret);
390}
391
392int
393ivpu_mmu_context_insert_node_locked(struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx,
394				    const struct ivpu_addr_range *range,
395				    u64 size, struct drm_mm_node *node)
396{
397	lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);
398
399	if (!ivpu_disable_mmu_cont_pages && size >= IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE) {
400		if (!drm_mm_insert_node_in_range(&ctx->mm, node, size, IVPU_MMU_CONT_PAGES_SIZE, 0,
401						 range->start, range->end, DRM_MM_INSERT_BEST))
402			return 0;
403	}
404
405	return drm_mm_insert_node_in_range(&ctx->mm, node, size, IVPU_MMU_PAGE_SIZE, 0,
406					   range->start, range->end, DRM_MM_INSERT_BEST);
407}
408
409void
410ivpu_mmu_context_remove_node_locked(struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, struct drm_mm_node *node)
411{
412	lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);
413
414	drm_mm_remove_node(node);
415}
416
417static int
418ivpu_mmu_context_init(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u32 context_id)
419{
420	u64 start, end;
421	int ret;
422
423	mutex_init(&ctx->lock);
424	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->bo_list);
425
426	ret = ivpu_mmu_pgtable_init(vdev, &ctx->pgtable);
427	if (ret)
428		return ret;
429
430	if (!context_id) {
431		start = vdev->hw->ranges.global.start;
432		end = vdev->hw->ranges.shave.end;
433	} else {
434		start = vdev->hw->ranges.user.start;
435		end = vdev->hw->ranges.dma.end;
436	}
437
438	drm_mm_init(&ctx->mm, start, end - start);
439	ctx->id = context_id;
440
441	return 0;
442}
443
444static void ivpu_mmu_context_fini(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx)
445{
446	if (drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, !ctx->pgtable.pgd_dma_ptr))
447		return;
448
449	mutex_destroy(&ctx->lock);
450	ivpu_mmu_pgtables_free(vdev, &ctx->pgtable);
451	drm_mm_takedown(&ctx->mm);
452
453	ctx->pgtable.pgd_dma_ptr = NULL;
454	ctx->pgtable.pgd_dma = 0;
455}
456
457int ivpu_mmu_global_context_init(struct ivpu_device *vdev)
458{
459	return ivpu_mmu_context_init(vdev, &vdev->gctx, IVPU_GLOBAL_CONTEXT_MMU_SSID);
460}
461
462void ivpu_mmu_global_context_fini(struct ivpu_device *vdev)
463{
464	return ivpu_mmu_context_fini(vdev, &vdev->gctx);
465}
466
467void ivpu_mmu_user_context_mark_invalid(struct ivpu_device *vdev, u32 ssid)
468{
469	struct ivpu_file_priv *file_priv;
470
471	xa_lock(&vdev->context_xa);
472
473	file_priv = xa_load(&vdev->context_xa, ssid);
474	if (file_priv)
475		file_priv->has_mmu_faults = true;
476
477	xa_unlock(&vdev->context_xa);
478}
479
480int ivpu_mmu_user_context_init(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx, u32 ctx_id)
481{
482	int ret;
483
484	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, !ctx_id);
485
486	ret = ivpu_mmu_context_init(vdev, ctx, ctx_id);
487	if (ret) {
488		ivpu_err(vdev, "Failed to initialize context: %d\n", ret);
489		return ret;
490	}
491
492	ret = ivpu_mmu_set_pgtable(vdev, ctx_id, &ctx->pgtable);
493	if (ret) {
494		ivpu_err(vdev, "Failed to set page table: %d\n", ret);
495		goto err_context_fini;
496	}
497
498	return 0;
499
500err_context_fini:
501	ivpu_mmu_context_fini(vdev, ctx);
502	return ret;
503}
504
505void ivpu_mmu_user_context_fini(struct ivpu_device *vdev, struct ivpu_mmu_context *ctx)
506{
507	drm_WARN_ON(&vdev->drm, !ctx->id);
508
509	ivpu_mmu_clear_pgtable(vdev, ctx->id);
510	ivpu_mmu_context_fini(vdev, ctx);
511}
512