xref: /kernel/linux/linux-6.6/Documentation/networking/ipvlan.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

===================
IPVLAN Driver HOWTO
===================

Initial Release:
	Mahesh Bandewar <maheshb AT google.com>

1. Introduction:
================
This is conceptually very similar to the macvlan driver with one major
exception of using L3 for mux-ing /demux-ing among slaves. This property makes
the master device share the L2 with its slave devices. I have developed this
driver in conjunction with network namespaces and not sure if there is use case
outside of it.


2. Building and Installation:
=============================

In order to build the driver, please select the config item CONFIG_IPVLAN.
The driver can be built into the kernel (CONFIG_IPVLAN=y) or as a module
(CONFIG_IPVLAN=m).


3. Configuration:
=================

There are no module parameters for this driver and it can be configured
using IProute2/ip utility.
::

    ip link add link <master> name <slave> type ipvlan [ mode MODE ] [ FLAGS ]
       where
	 MODE: l3 (default) | l3s | l2
	 FLAGS: bridge (default) | private | vepa

e.g.

    (a) Following will create IPvlan link with eth0 as master in
	L3 bridge mode::

	  bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvl0 type ipvlan
    (b) This command will create IPvlan link in L2 bridge mode::

	  bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvl0 type ipvlan mode l2 bridge

    (c) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 private mode::

	  bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvlan type ipvlan mode l2 private

    (d) This command will create an IPvlan device in L2 vepa mode::

	  bash# ip link add link eth0 name ipvlan type ipvlan mode l2 vepa


4. Operating modes:
===================

IPvlan has two modes of operation - L2 and L3. For a given master device,
you can select one of these two modes and all slaves on that master will
operate in the same (selected) mode. The RX mode is almost identical except
that in L3 mode the slaves won't receive any multicast / broadcast traffic.
L3 mode is more restrictive since routing is controlled from the other (mostly)
default namespace.

4.1 L2 mode:
------------

In this mode TX processing happens on the stack instance attached to the
slave device and packets are switched and queued to the master device to send
out. In this mode the slaves will RX/TX multicast and broadcast (if applicable)
as well.

4.2 L3 mode:
------------

In this mode TX processing up to L3 happens on the stack instance attached
to the slave device and packets are switched to the stack instance of the
master device for the L2 processing and routing from that instance will be
used before packets are queued on the outbound device. In this mode the slaves
will not receive nor can send multicast / broadcast traffic.

4.3 L3S mode:
-------------

This is very similar to the L3 mode except that iptables (conn-tracking)
works in this mode and hence it is L3-symmetric (L3s). This will have slightly less
performance but that shouldn't matter since you are choosing this mode over plain-L3
mode to make conn-tracking work.

5. Mode flags:
==============

At this time following mode flags are available

5.1 bridge:
-----------
This is the default option. To configure the IPvlan port in this mode,
user can choose to either add this option on the command-line or don't specify
anything. This is the traditional mode where slaves can cross-talk among
themselves apart from talking through the master device.

5.2 private:
------------
If this option is added to the command-line, the port is set in private
mode. i.e. port won't allow cross communication between slaves.

5.3 vepa:
---------
If this is added to the command-line, the port is set in VEPA mode.
i.e. port will offload switching functionality to the external entity as
described in 802.1Qbg
Note: VEPA mode in IPvlan has limitations. IPvlan uses the mac-address of the
master-device, so the packets which are emitted in this mode for the adjacent
neighbor will have source and destination mac same. This will make the switch /
router send the redirect message.

6. What to choose (macvlan vs. ipvlan)?
=======================================

These two devices are very similar in many regards and the specific use
case could very well define which device to choose. if one of the following
situations defines your use case then you can choose to use ipvlan:


(a) The Linux host that is connected to the external switch / router has
    policy configured that allows only one mac per port.
(b) No of virtual devices created on a master exceed the mac capacity and
    puts the NIC in promiscuous mode and degraded performance is a concern.
(c) If the slave device is to be put into the hostile / untrusted network
    namespace where L2 on the slave could be changed / misused.


6. Example configuration:
=========================

::

  +=============================================================+
  |  Host: host1                                                |
  |                                                             |
  |   +----------------------+      +----------------------+    |
  |   |   NS:ns0             |      |  NS:ns1              |    |
  |   |                      |      |                      |    |
  |   |                      |      |                      |    |
  |   |        ipvl0         |      |         ipvl1        |    |
  |   +----------#-----------+      +-----------#----------+    |
  |              #                              #               |
  |              ################################               |
  |                              # eth0                         |
  +==============================#==============================+


(a) Create two network namespaces - ns0, ns1::

	ip netns add ns0
	ip netns add ns1

(b) Create two ipvlan slaves on eth0 (master device)::

	ip link add link eth0 ipvl0 type ipvlan mode l2
	ip link add link eth0 ipvl1 type ipvlan mode l2

(c) Assign slaves to the respective network namespaces::

	ip link set dev ipvl0 netns ns0
	ip link set dev ipvl1 netns ns1

(d) Now switch to the namespace (ns0 or ns1) to configure the slave devices

	- For ns0::

		(1) ip netns exec ns0 bash
		(2) ip link set dev ipvl0 up
		(3) ip link set dev lo up
		(4) ip -4 addr add 127.0.0.1 dev lo
		(5) ip -4 addr add $IPADDR dev ipvl0
		(6) ip -4 route add default via $ROUTER dev ipvl0

	- For ns1::

		(1) ip netns exec ns1 bash
		(2) ip link set dev ipvl1 up
		(3) ip link set dev lo up
		(4) ip -4 addr add 127.0.0.1 dev lo
		(5) ip -4 addr add $IPADDR dev ipvl1
		(6) ip -4 route add default via $ROUTER dev ipvl1