xref: /kernel/linux/linux-6.6/Documentation/networking/devlink/devlink-trap.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

============
Devlink Trap
============

Background
==========

Devices capable of offloading the kernel's datapath and perform functions such
as bridging and routing must also be able to send specific packets to the
kernel (i.e., the CPU) for processing.

For example, a device acting as a multicast-aware bridge must be able to send
IGMP membership reports to the kernel for processing by the bridge module.
Without processing such packets, the bridge module could never populate its
MDB.

As another example, consider a device acting as router which has received an IP
packet with a TTL of 1. Upon routing the packet the device must send it to the
kernel so that it will route it as well and generate an ICMP Time Exceeded
error datagram. Without letting the kernel route such packets itself, utilities
such as ``traceroute`` could never work.

The fundamental ability of sending certain packets to the kernel for processing
is called "packet trapping".

Overview
========

The ``devlink-trap`` mechanism allows capable device drivers to register their
supported packet traps with ``devlink`` and report trapped packets to
``devlink`` for further analysis.

Upon receiving trapped packets, ``devlink`` will perform a per-trap packets and
bytes accounting and potentially report the packet to user space via a netlink
event along with all the provided metadata (e.g., trap reason, timestamp, input
port). This is especially useful for drop traps (see :ref:`Trap-Types`)
as it allows users to obtain further visibility into packet drops that would
otherwise be invisible.

The following diagram provides a general overview of ``devlink-trap``::

                                    Netlink event: Packet w/ metadata
                                                   Or a summary of recent drops
                                  ^
                                  |
         Userspace                |
        +---------------------------------------------------+
         Kernel                   |
                                  |
                          +-------+--------+
                          |                |
                          |  drop_monitor  |
                          |                |
                          +-------^--------+
                                  |
                                  | Non-control traps
                                  |
                             +----+----+
                             |         |      Kernel's Rx path
                             | devlink |      (non-drop traps)
                             |         |
                             +----^----+      ^
                                  |           |
                                  +-----------+
                                  |
                          +-------+-------+
                          |               |
                          | Device driver |
                          |               |
                          +-------^-------+
         Kernel                   |
        +---------------------------------------------------+
         Hardware                 |
                                  | Trapped packet
                                  |
                               +--+---+
                               |      |
                               | ASIC |
                               |      |
                               +------+

.. _Trap-Types:

Trap Types
==========

The ``devlink-trap`` mechanism supports the following packet trap types:

  * ``drop``: Trapped packets were dropped by the underlying device. Packets
    are only processed by ``devlink`` and not injected to the kernel's Rx path.
    The trap action (see :ref:`Trap-Actions`) can be changed.
  * ``exception``: Trapped packets were not forwarded as intended by the
    underlying device due to an exception (e.g., TTL error, missing neighbour
    entry) and trapped to the control plane for resolution. Packets are
    processed by ``devlink`` and injected to the kernel's Rx path. Changing the
    action of such traps is not allowed, as it can easily break the control
    plane.
  * ``control``: Trapped packets were trapped by the device because these are
    control packets required for the correct functioning of the control plane.
    For example, ARP request and IGMP query packets. Packets are injected to
    the kernel's Rx path, but not reported to the kernel's drop monitor.
    Changing the action of such traps is not allowed, as it can easily break
    the control plane.

.. _Trap-Actions:

Trap Actions
============

The ``devlink-trap`` mechanism supports the following packet trap actions:

  * ``trap``: The sole copy of the packet is sent to the CPU.
  * ``drop``: The packet is dropped by the underlying device and a copy is not
    sent to the CPU.
  * ``mirror``: The packet is forwarded by the underlying device and a copy is
    sent to the CPU.

Generic Packet Traps
====================

Generic packet traps are used to describe traps that trap well-defined packets
or packets that are trapped due to well-defined conditions (e.g., TTL error).
Such traps can be shared by multiple device drivers and their description must
be added to the following table:

.. list-table:: List of Generic Packet Traps
   :widths: 5 5 90

   * - Name
     - Type
     - Description
   * - ``source_mac_is_multicast``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps incoming packets that the device decided to drop because of a
       multicast source MAC
   * - ``vlan_tag_mismatch``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps incoming packets that the device decided to drop in case of VLAN
       tag mismatch: The ingress bridge port is not configured with a PVID and
       the packet is untagged or prio-tagged
   * - ``ingress_vlan_filter``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps incoming packets that the device decided to drop in case they are
       tagged with a VLAN that is not configured on the ingress bridge port
   * - ``ingress_spanning_tree_filter``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps incoming packets that the device decided to drop in case the STP
       state of the ingress bridge port is not "forwarding"
   * - ``port_list_is_empty``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop in case they need to be
       flooded (e.g., unknown unicast, unregistered multicast) and there are
       no ports the packets should be flooded to
   * - ``port_loopback_filter``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop in case after layer 2
       forwarding the only port from which they should be transmitted through
       is the port from which they were received
   * - ``blackhole_route``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop in case they hit a
       blackhole route
   * - ``ttl_value_is_too_small``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps unicast packets that should be forwarded by the device whose TTL
       was decremented to 0 or less
   * - ``tail_drop``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they could not be
       enqueued to a transmission queue which is full
   * - ``non_ip``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to
       undergo a layer 3 lookup, but are not IP or MPLS packets
   * - ``uc_dip_over_mc_dmac``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and they have a unicast destination IP and a multicast destination
       MAC
   * - ``dip_is_loopback_address``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and their destination IP is the loopback address (i.e., 127.0.0.0/8
       and ::1/128)
   * - ``sip_is_mc``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and their source IP is multicast (i.e., 224.0.0.0/8 and ff::/8)
   * - ``sip_is_loopback_address``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and their source IP is the loopback address (i.e., 127.0.0.0/8 and ::1/128)
   * - ``ip_header_corrupted``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and their IP header is corrupted: wrong checksum, wrong IP version
       or too short Internet Header Length (IHL)
   * - ``ipv4_sip_is_limited_bc``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they need to be
       routed and their source IP is limited broadcast (i.e., 255.255.255.255/32)
   * - ``ipv6_mc_dip_reserved_scope``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps IPv6 packets that the device decided to drop because they need to
       be routed and their IPv6 multicast destination IP has a reserved scope
       (i.e., ffx0::/16)
   * - ``ipv6_mc_dip_interface_local_scope``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps IPv6 packets that the device decided to drop because they need to
       be routed and their IPv6 multicast destination IP has an interface-local scope
       (i.e., ffx1::/16)
   * - ``mtu_value_is_too_small``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps packets that should have been routed by the device, but were bigger
       than the MTU of the egress interface
   * - ``unresolved_neigh``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps packets that did not have a matching IP neighbour after routing
   * - ``mc_reverse_path_forwarding``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps multicast IP packets that failed reverse-path forwarding (RPF)
       check during multicast routing
   * - ``reject_route``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps packets that hit reject routes (i.e., "unreachable", "prohibit")
   * - ``ipv4_lpm_miss``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps unicast IPv4 packets that did not match any route
   * - ``ipv6_lpm_miss``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps unicast IPv6 packets that did not match any route
   * - ``non_routable_packet``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they are not
       supposed to be routed. For example, IGMP queries can be flooded by the
       device in layer 2 and reach the router. Such packets should not be
       routed and instead dropped
   * - ``decap_error``
     - ``exception``
     - Traps NVE and IPinIP packets that the device decided to drop because of
       failure during decapsulation (e.g., packet being too short, reserved
       bits set in VXLAN header)
   * - ``overlay_smac_is_mc``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps NVE packets that the device decided to drop because their overlay
       source MAC is multicast
   * - ``ingress_flow_action_drop``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped during processing of ingress flow action drop
   * - ``egress_flow_action_drop``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped during processing of egress flow action drop
   * - ``stp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps STP packets
   * - ``lacp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps LACP packets
   * - ``lldp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps LLDP packets
   * - ``igmp_query``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IGMP Membership Query packets
   * - ``igmp_v1_report``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IGMP Version 1 Membership Report packets
   * - ``igmp_v2_report``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IGMP Version 2 Membership Report packets
   * - ``igmp_v3_report``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IGMP Version 3 Membership Report packets
   * - ``igmp_v2_leave``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IGMP Version 2 Leave Group packets
   * - ``mld_query``
     - ``control``
     - Traps MLD Multicast Listener Query packets
   * - ``mld_v1_report``
     - ``control``
     - Traps MLD Version 1 Multicast Listener Report packets
   * - ``mld_v2_report``
     - ``control``
     - Traps MLD Version 2 Multicast Listener Report packets
   * - ``mld_v1_done``
     - ``control``
     - Traps MLD Version 1 Multicast Listener Done packets
   * - ``ipv4_dhcp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 DHCP packets
   * - ``ipv6_dhcp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 DHCP packets
   * - ``arp_request``
     - ``control``
     - Traps ARP request packets
   * - ``arp_response``
     - ``control``
     - Traps ARP response packets
   * - ``arp_overlay``
     - ``control``
     - Traps NVE-decapsulated ARP packets that reached the overlay network.
       This is required, for example, when the address that needs to be
       resolved is a local address
   * - ``ipv6_neigh_solicit``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation packets
   * - ``ipv6_neigh_advert``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 Neighbour Advertisement packets
   * - ``ipv4_bfd``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 BFD packets
   * - ``ipv6_bfd``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 BFD packets
   * - ``ipv4_ospf``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 OSPF packets
   * - ``ipv6_ospf``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 OSPF packets
   * - ``ipv4_bgp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 BGP packets
   * - ``ipv6_bgp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 BGP packets
   * - ``ipv4_vrrp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 VRRP packets
   * - ``ipv6_vrrp``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 VRRP packets
   * - ``ipv4_pim``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 PIM packets
   * - ``ipv6_pim``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 PIM packets
   * - ``uc_loopback``
     - ``control``
     - Traps unicast packets that need to be routed through the same layer 3
       interface from which they were received. Such packets are routed by the
       kernel, but also cause it to potentially generate ICMP redirect packets
   * - ``local_route``
     - ``control``
     - Traps unicast packets that hit a local route and need to be locally
       delivered
   * - ``external_route``
     - ``control``
     - Traps packets that should be routed through an external interface (e.g.,
       management interface) that does not belong to the same device (e.g.,
       switch ASIC) as the ingress interface
   * - ``ipv6_uc_dip_link_local_scope``
     - ``control``
     - Traps unicast IPv6 packets that need to be routed and have a destination
       IP address with a link-local scope (i.e., fe80::/10). The trap allows
       device drivers to avoid programming link-local routes, but still receive
       packets for local delivery
   * - ``ipv6_dip_all_nodes``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 packets that their destination IP address is the "All Nodes
       Address" (i.e., ff02::1)
   * - ``ipv6_dip_all_routers``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 packets that their destination IP address is the "All Routers
       Address" (i.e., ff02::2)
   * - ``ipv6_router_solicit``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 Router Solicitation packets
   * - ``ipv6_router_advert``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 Router Advertisement packets
   * - ``ipv6_redirect``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 Redirect Message packets
   * - ``ipv4_router_alert``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv4 packets that need to be routed and include the Router Alert
       option. Such packets need to be locally delivered to raw sockets that
       have the IP_ROUTER_ALERT socket option set
   * - ``ipv6_router_alert``
     - ``control``
     - Traps IPv6 packets that need to be routed and include the Router Alert
       option in their Hop-by-Hop extension header. Such packets need to be
       locally delivered to raw sockets that have the IPV6_ROUTER_ALERT socket
       option set
   * - ``ptp_event``
     - ``control``
     - Traps PTP time-critical event messages (Sync, Delay_req, Pdelay_Req and
       Pdelay_Resp)
   * - ``ptp_general``
     - ``control``
     - Traps PTP general messages (Announce, Follow_Up, Delay_Resp,
       Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up, management and signaling)
   * - ``flow_action_sample``
     - ``control``
     - Traps packets sampled during processing of flow action sample (e.g., via
       tc's sample action)
   * - ``flow_action_trap``
     - ``control``
     - Traps packets logged during processing of flow action trap (e.g., via
       tc's trap action)
   * - ``early_drop``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to the RED (Random Early Detection) algorithm
       (i.e., early drops)
   * - ``vxlan_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the VXLAN header parsing which
       might be because of packet truncation or the I flag is not set.
   * - ``llc_snap_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the LLC+SNAP header parsing
   * - ``vlan_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the VLAN header parsing. Could
       include unexpected packet truncation.
   * - ``pppoe_ppp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the PPPoE+PPP header parsing.
       This could include finding a session ID of 0xFFFF (which is reserved and
       not for use), a PPPoE length which is larger than the frame received or
       any common error on this type of header
   * - ``mpls_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the MPLS header parsing which
       could include unexpected header truncation
   * - ``arp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the ARP header parsing
   * - ``ip_1_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the first IP header parsing.
       This packet trap could include packets which do not pass an IP checksum
       check, a header length check (a minimum of 20 bytes), which might suffer
       from packet truncation thus the total length field exceeds the received
       packet length etc
   * - ``ip_n_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the parsing of the last IP
       header (the inner one in case of an IP over IP tunnel). The same common
       error checking is performed here as for the ip_1_parsing trap
   * - ``gre_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the GRE header parsing
   * - ``udp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the UDP header parsing.
       This packet trap could include checksum errorrs, an improper UDP
       length detected (smaller than 8 bytes) or detection of header
       truncation.
   * - ``tcp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the TCP header parsing.
       This could include TCP checksum errors, improper combination of SYN, FIN
       and/or RESET etc.
   * - ``ipsec_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the IPSEC header parsing
   * - ``sctp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the SCTP header parsing.
       This would mean that port number 0 was used or that the header is
       truncated.
   * - ``dccp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the DCCP header parsing
   * - ``gtp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the GTP header parsing
   * - ``esp_parsing``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets dropped due to an error in the ESP header parsing
   * - ``blackhole_nexthop``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop in case they hit a
       blackhole nexthop
   * - ``dmac_filter``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps incoming packets that the device decided to drop because
       the destination MAC is not configured in the MAC table and
       the interface is not in promiscuous mode
   * - ``eapol``
     - ``control``
     - Traps "Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN" (EAPOL) packets
       specified in IEEE 802.1X
   * - ``locked_port``
     - ``drop``
     - Traps packets that the device decided to drop because they failed the
       locked bridge port check. That is, packets that were received via a
       locked port and whose {SMAC, VID} does not correspond to an FDB entry
       pointing to the port

Driver-specific Packet Traps
============================

Device drivers can register driver-specific packet traps, but these must be
clearly documented. Such traps can correspond to device-specific exceptions and
help debug packet drops caused by these exceptions. The following list includes
links to the description of driver-specific traps registered by various device
drivers:

  * Documentation/networking/devlink/netdevsim.rst
  * Documentation/networking/devlink/mlxsw.rst
  * Documentation/networking/devlink/prestera.rst

.. _Generic-Packet-Trap-Groups:

Generic Packet Trap Groups
==========================

Generic packet trap groups are used to aggregate logically related packet
traps. These groups allow the user to batch operations such as setting the trap
action of all member traps. In addition, ``devlink-trap`` can report aggregated
per-group packets and bytes statistics, in case per-trap statistics are too
narrow. The description of these groups must be added to the following table:

.. list-table:: List of Generic Packet Trap Groups
   :widths: 10 90

   * - Name
     - Description
   * - ``l2_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were dropped by the device during
       layer 2 forwarding (i.e., bridge)
   * - ``l3_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were dropped by the device during
       layer 3 forwarding
   * - ``l3_exceptions``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that hit an exception (e.g., TTL
       error) during layer 3 forwarding
   * - ``buffer_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were dropped by the device due to
       an enqueue decision
   * - ``tunnel_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were dropped by the device during
       tunnel encapsulation / decapsulation
   * - ``acl_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were dropped by the device during
       ACL processing
   * - ``stp``
     - Contains packet traps for STP packets
   * - ``lacp``
     - Contains packet traps for LACP packets
   * - ``lldp``
     - Contains packet traps for LLDP packets
   * - ``mc_snooping``
     - Contains packet traps for IGMP and MLD packets required for multicast
       snooping
   * - ``dhcp``
     - Contains packet traps for DHCP packets
   * - ``neigh_discovery``
     - Contains packet traps for neighbour discovery packets (e.g., ARP, IPv6
       ND)
   * - ``bfd``
     - Contains packet traps for BFD packets
   * - ``ospf``
     - Contains packet traps for OSPF packets
   * - ``bgp``
     - Contains packet traps for BGP packets
   * - ``vrrp``
     - Contains packet traps for VRRP packets
   * - ``pim``
     - Contains packet traps for PIM packets
   * - ``uc_loopback``
     - Contains a packet trap for unicast loopback packets (i.e.,
       ``uc_loopback``). This trap is singled-out because in cases such as
       one-armed router it will be constantly triggered. To limit the impact on
       the CPU usage, a packet trap policer with a low rate can be bound to the
       group without affecting other traps
   * - ``local_delivery``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that should be locally delivered after
       routing, but do not match more specific packet traps (e.g.,
       ``ipv4_bgp``)
   * - ``external_delivery``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that should be routed through an
       external interface (e.g., management interface) that does not belong to
       the same device (e.g., switch ASIC) as the ingress interface
   * - ``ipv6``
     - Contains packet traps for various IPv6 control packets (e.g., Router
       Advertisements)
   * - ``ptp_event``
     - Contains packet traps for PTP time-critical event messages (Sync,
       Delay_req, Pdelay_Req and Pdelay_Resp)
   * - ``ptp_general``
     - Contains packet traps for PTP general messages (Announce, Follow_Up,
       Delay_Resp, Pdelay_Resp_Follow_Up, management and signaling)
   * - ``acl_sample``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were sampled by the device during
       ACL processing
   * - ``acl_trap``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were trapped (logged) by the
       device during ACL processing
   * - ``parser_error_drops``
     - Contains packet traps for packets that were marked by the device during
       parsing as erroneous
   * - ``eapol``
     - Contains packet traps for "Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN"
       (EAPOL) packets specified in IEEE 802.1X

Packet Trap Policers
====================

As previously explained, the underlying device can trap certain packets to the
CPU for processing. In most cases, the underlying device is capable of handling
packet rates that are several orders of magnitude higher compared to those that
can be handled by the CPU.

Therefore, in order to prevent the underlying device from overwhelming the CPU,
devices usually include packet trap policers that are able to police the
trapped packets to rates that can be handled by the CPU.

The ``devlink-trap`` mechanism allows capable device drivers to register their
supported packet trap policers with ``devlink``. The device driver can choose
to associate these policers with supported packet trap groups (see
:ref:`Generic-Packet-Trap-Groups`) during its initialization, thereby exposing
its default control plane policy to user space.

Device drivers should allow user space to change the parameters of the policers
(e.g., rate, burst size) as well as the association between the policers and
trap groups by implementing the relevant callbacks.

If possible, device drivers should implement a callback that allows user space
to retrieve the number of packets that were dropped by the policer because its
configured policy was violated.

Testing
=======

See ``tools/testing/selftests/drivers/net/netdevsim/devlink_trap.sh`` for a
test covering the core infrastructure. Test cases should be added for any new
functionality.

Device drivers should focus their tests on device-specific functionality, such
as the triggering of supported packet traps.