1// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
2/*
3 * Testsuite for eBPF verifier
4 *
5 * Copyright (c) 2014 PLUMgrid, http://plumgrid.com
6 * Copyright (c) 2017 Facebook
7 * Copyright (c) 2018 Covalent IO, Inc. http://covalent.io
8 */
9
10#include <endian.h>
11#include <asm/types.h>
12#include <linux/types.h>
13#include <stdint.h>
14#include <stdio.h>
15#include <stdlib.h>
16#include <unistd.h>
17#include <errno.h>
18#include <string.h>
19#include <stddef.h>
20#include <stdbool.h>
21#include <sched.h>
22#include <limits.h>
23#include <assert.h>
24
25#include <sys/capability.h>
26
27#include <linux/unistd.h>
28#include <linux/filter.h>
29#include <linux/bpf_perf_event.h>
30#include <linux/bpf.h>
31#include <linux/if_ether.h>
32#include <linux/btf.h>
33
34#include <bpf/bpf.h>
35#include <bpf/libbpf.h>
36
37#ifdef HAVE_GENHDR
38# include "autoconf.h"
39#else
40# if defined(__i386) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__s390x__) || defined(__aarch64__)
41#  define CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS 1
42# endif
43#endif
44#include "bpf_rlimit.h"
45#include "bpf_rand.h"
46#include "bpf_util.h"
47#include "test_btf.h"
48#include "../../../include/linux/filter.h"
49
50#define MAX_INSNS	BPF_MAXINSNS
51#define MAX_TEST_INSNS	1000000
52#define MAX_FIXUPS	8
53#define MAX_NR_MAPS	21
54#define MAX_TEST_RUNS	8
55#define POINTER_VALUE	0xcafe4all
56#define TEST_DATA_LEN	64
57
58#define F_NEEDS_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS	(1 << 0)
59#define F_LOAD_WITH_STRICT_ALIGNMENT		(1 << 1)
60
61#define UNPRIV_SYSCTL "kernel/unprivileged_bpf_disabled"
62static bool unpriv_disabled = false;
63static int skips;
64static bool verbose = false;
65
66struct bpf_test {
67	const char *descr;
68	struct bpf_insn	insns[MAX_INSNS];
69	struct bpf_insn	*fill_insns;
70	int fixup_map_hash_8b[MAX_FIXUPS];
71	int fixup_map_hash_48b[MAX_FIXUPS];
72	int fixup_map_hash_16b[MAX_FIXUPS];
73	int fixup_map_array_48b[MAX_FIXUPS];
74	int fixup_map_sockmap[MAX_FIXUPS];
75	int fixup_map_sockhash[MAX_FIXUPS];
76	int fixup_map_xskmap[MAX_FIXUPS];
77	int fixup_map_stacktrace[MAX_FIXUPS];
78	int fixup_prog1[MAX_FIXUPS];
79	int fixup_prog2[MAX_FIXUPS];
80	int fixup_map_in_map[MAX_FIXUPS];
81	int fixup_cgroup_storage[MAX_FIXUPS];
82	int fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage[MAX_FIXUPS];
83	int fixup_map_spin_lock[MAX_FIXUPS];
84	int fixup_map_array_ro[MAX_FIXUPS];
85	int fixup_map_array_wo[MAX_FIXUPS];
86	int fixup_map_array_small[MAX_FIXUPS];
87	int fixup_sk_storage_map[MAX_FIXUPS];
88	int fixup_map_event_output[MAX_FIXUPS];
89	int fixup_map_reuseport_array[MAX_FIXUPS];
90	int fixup_map_ringbuf[MAX_FIXUPS];
91	const char *errstr;
92	const char *errstr_unpriv;
93	uint32_t insn_processed;
94	int prog_len;
95	enum {
96		UNDEF,
97		ACCEPT,
98		REJECT,
99		VERBOSE_ACCEPT,
100	} result, result_unpriv;
101	enum bpf_prog_type prog_type;
102	uint8_t flags;
103	void (*fill_helper)(struct bpf_test *self);
104	uint8_t runs;
105#define bpf_testdata_struct_t					\
106	struct {						\
107		uint32_t retval, retval_unpriv;			\
108		union {						\
109			__u8 data[TEST_DATA_LEN];		\
110			__u64 data64[TEST_DATA_LEN / 8];	\
111		};						\
112	}
113	union {
114		bpf_testdata_struct_t;
115		bpf_testdata_struct_t retvals[MAX_TEST_RUNS];
116	};
117	enum bpf_attach_type expected_attach_type;
118	const char *kfunc;
119};
120
121/* Note we want this to be 64 bit aligned so that the end of our array is
122 * actually the end of the structure.
123 */
124#define MAX_ENTRIES 11
125
126struct test_val {
127	unsigned int index;
128	int foo[MAX_ENTRIES];
129};
130
131struct other_val {
132	long long foo;
133	long long bar;
134};
135
136static void bpf_fill_ld_abs_vlan_push_pop(struct bpf_test *self)
137{
138	/* test: {skb->data[0], vlan_push} x 51 + {skb->data[0], vlan_pop} x 51 */
139#define PUSH_CNT 51
140	/* jump range is limited to 16 bit. PUSH_CNT of ld_abs needs room */
141	unsigned int len = (1 << 15) - PUSH_CNT * 2 * 5 * 6;
142	struct bpf_insn *insn = self->fill_insns;
143	int i = 0, j, k = 0;
144
145	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1);
146loop:
147	for (j = 0; j < PUSH_CNT; j++) {
148		insn[i++] = BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, 0);
149		/* jump to error label */
150		insn[i] = BPF_JMP32_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0x34, len - i - 3);
151		i++;
152		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_6);
153		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 1);
154		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, 2);
155		insn[i++] = BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,
156					 BPF_FUNC_skb_vlan_push),
157		insn[i] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, len - i - 3);
158		i++;
159	}
160
161	for (j = 0; j < PUSH_CNT; j++) {
162		insn[i++] = BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, 0);
163		insn[i] = BPF_JMP32_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0x34, len - i - 3);
164		i++;
165		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_6);
166		insn[i++] = BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,
167					 BPF_FUNC_skb_vlan_pop),
168		insn[i] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_0, 0, len - i - 3);
169		i++;
170	}
171	if (++k < 5)
172		goto loop;
173
174	for (; i < len - 3; i++)
175		insn[i] = BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_MOV, BPF_REG_0, 0xbef);
176	insn[len - 3] = BPF_JMP_A(1);
177	/* error label */
178	insn[len - 2] = BPF_MOV32_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0);
179	insn[len - 1] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
180	self->prog_len = len;
181}
182
183static void bpf_fill_jump_around_ld_abs(struct bpf_test *self)
184{
185	struct bpf_insn *insn = self->fill_insns;
186	/* jump range is limited to 16 bit. every ld_abs is replaced by 6 insns,
187	 * but on arches like arm, ppc etc, there will be one BPF_ZEXT inserted
188	 * to extend the error value of the inlined ld_abs sequence which then
189	 * contains 7 insns. so, set the dividend to 7 so the testcase could
190	 * work on all arches.
191	 */
192	unsigned int len = (1 << 15) / 7;
193	int i = 0;
194
195	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1);
196	insn[i++] = BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, 0);
197	insn[i] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 10, len - i - 2);
198	i++;
199	while (i < len - 1)
200		insn[i++] = BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, 1);
201	insn[i] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
202	self->prog_len = i + 1;
203}
204
205static void bpf_fill_rand_ld_dw(struct bpf_test *self)
206{
207	struct bpf_insn *insn = self->fill_insns;
208	uint64_t res = 0;
209	int i = 0;
210
211	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV32_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0);
212	while (i < self->retval) {
213		uint64_t val = bpf_semi_rand_get();
214		struct bpf_insn tmp[2] = { BPF_LD_IMM64(BPF_REG_1, val) };
215
216		res ^= val;
217		insn[i++] = tmp[0];
218		insn[i++] = tmp[1];
219		insn[i++] = BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_XOR, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1);
220	}
221	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_0);
222	insn[i++] = BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_1, 32);
223	insn[i++] = BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_XOR, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1);
224	insn[i] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
225	self->prog_len = i + 1;
226	res ^= (res >> 32);
227	self->retval = (uint32_t)res;
228}
229
230#define MAX_JMP_SEQ 8192
231
232/* test the sequence of 8k jumps */
233static void bpf_fill_scale1(struct bpf_test *self)
234{
235	struct bpf_insn *insn = self->fill_insns;
236	int i = 0, k = 0;
237
238	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1);
239	/* test to check that the long sequence of jumps is acceptable */
240	while (k++ < MAX_JMP_SEQ) {
241		insn[i++] = BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,
242					 BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32);
243		insn[i++] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, bpf_semi_rand_get(), 2);
244		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10);
245		insn[i++] = BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_6,
246					-8 * (k % 64 + 1));
247	}
248	/* is_state_visited() doesn't allocate state for pruning for every jump.
249	 * Hence multiply jmps by 4 to accommodate that heuristic
250	 */
251	while (i < MAX_TEST_INSNS - MAX_JMP_SEQ * 4)
252		insn[i++] = BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_MOV, BPF_REG_0, 42);
253	insn[i] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
254	self->prog_len = i + 1;
255	self->retval = 42;
256}
257
258/* test the sequence of 8k jumps in inner most function (function depth 8)*/
259static void bpf_fill_scale2(struct bpf_test *self)
260{
261	struct bpf_insn *insn = self->fill_insns;
262	int i = 0, k = 0;
263
264#define FUNC_NEST 7
265	for (k = 0; k < FUNC_NEST; k++) {
266		insn[i++] = BPF_CALL_REL(1);
267		insn[i++] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
268	}
269	insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1);
270	/* test to check that the long sequence of jumps is acceptable */
271	k = 0;
272	while (k++ < MAX_JMP_SEQ) {
273		insn[i++] = BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,
274					 BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32);
275		insn[i++] = BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, bpf_semi_rand_get(), 2);
276		insn[i++] = BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10);
277		insn[i++] = BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_6,
278					-8 * (k % (64 - 4 * FUNC_NEST) + 1));
279	}
280	while (i < MAX_TEST_INSNS - MAX_JMP_SEQ * 4)
281		insn[i++] = BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_MOV, BPF_REG_0, 42);
282	insn[i] = BPF_EXIT_INSN();
283	self->prog_len = i + 1;
284	self->retval = 42;
285}
286
287static void bpf_fill_scale(struct bpf_test *self)
288{
289	switch (self->retval) {
290	case 1:
291		return bpf_fill_scale1(self);
292	case 2:
293		return bpf_fill_scale2(self);
294	default:
295		self->prog_len = 0;
296		break;
297	}
298}
299
300/* BPF_SK_LOOKUP contains 13 instructions, if you need to fix up maps */
301#define BPF_SK_LOOKUP(func)						\
302	/* struct bpf_sock_tuple tuple = {} */				\
303	BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_2, 0),					\
304	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -8),			\
305	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -16),		\
306	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -24),		\
307	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -32),		\
308	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -40),		\
309	BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_2, -48),		\
310	/* sk = func(ctx, &tuple, sizeof tuple, 0, 0) */		\
311	BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),				\
312	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -48),				\
313	BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, sizeof(struct bpf_sock_tuple)),	\
314	BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_4, 0),					\
315	BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_5, 0),					\
316	BPF_EMIT_CALL(BPF_FUNC_ ## func)
317
318/* BPF_DIRECT_PKT_R2 contains 7 instructions, it initializes default return
319 * value into 0 and does necessary preparation for direct packet access
320 * through r2. The allowed access range is 8 bytes.
321 */
322#define BPF_DIRECT_PKT_R2						\
323	BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),					\
324	BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_1,			\
325		    offsetof(struct __sk_buff, data)),			\
326	BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_1,			\
327		    offsetof(struct __sk_buff, data_end)),		\
328	BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_2),				\
329	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_4, 8),				\
330	BPF_JMP_REG(BPF_JLE, BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_3, 1),			\
331	BPF_EXIT_INSN()
332
333/* BPF_RAND_UEXT_R7 contains 4 instructions, it initializes R7 into a random
334 * positive u32, and zero-extend it into 64-bit.
335 */
336#define BPF_RAND_UEXT_R7						\
337	BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,			\
338		     BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32),				\
339	BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0),				\
340	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_LSH, BPF_REG_7, 33),				\
341	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_7, 33)
342
343/* BPF_RAND_SEXT_R7 contains 5 instructions, it initializes R7 into a random
344 * negative u32, and sign-extend it into 64-bit.
345 */
346#define BPF_RAND_SEXT_R7						\
347	BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,			\
348		     BPF_FUNC_get_prandom_u32),				\
349	BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_0),				\
350	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_OR, BPF_REG_7, 0x80000000),			\
351	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_LSH, BPF_REG_7, 32),				\
352	BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ARSH, BPF_REG_7, 32)
353
354static struct bpf_test tests[] = {
355#define FILL_ARRAY
356#include <verifier/tests.h>
357#undef FILL_ARRAY
358};
359
360static int probe_filter_length(const struct bpf_insn *fp)
361{
362	int len;
363
364	for (len = MAX_INSNS - 1; len > 0; --len)
365		if (fp[len].code != 0 || fp[len].imm != 0)
366			break;
367	return len + 1;
368}
369
370static bool skip_unsupported_map(enum bpf_map_type map_type)
371{
372	if (!bpf_probe_map_type(map_type, 0)) {
373		printf("SKIP (unsupported map type %d)\n", map_type);
374		skips++;
375		return true;
376	}
377	return false;
378}
379
380static int __create_map(uint32_t type, uint32_t size_key,
381			uint32_t size_value, uint32_t max_elem,
382			uint32_t extra_flags)
383{
384	int fd;
385
386	fd = bpf_create_map(type, size_key, size_value, max_elem,
387			    (type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH ?
388			     BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC : 0) | extra_flags);
389	if (fd < 0) {
390		if (skip_unsupported_map(type))
391			return -1;
392		printf("Failed to create hash map '%s'!\n", strerror(errno));
393	}
394
395	return fd;
396}
397
398static int create_map(uint32_t type, uint32_t size_key,
399		      uint32_t size_value, uint32_t max_elem)
400{
401	return __create_map(type, size_key, size_value, max_elem, 0);
402}
403
404static void update_map(int fd, int index)
405{
406	struct test_val value = {
407		.index = (6 + 1) * sizeof(int),
408		.foo[6] = 0xabcdef12,
409	};
410
411	assert(!bpf_map_update_elem(fd, &index, &value, 0));
412}
413
414static int create_prog_dummy_simple(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type, int ret)
415{
416	struct bpf_insn prog[] = {
417		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, ret),
418		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
419	};
420
421	return bpf_load_program(prog_type, prog,
422				ARRAY_SIZE(prog), "GPL", 0, NULL, 0);
423}
424
425static int create_prog_dummy_loop(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type, int mfd,
426				  int idx, int ret)
427{
428	struct bpf_insn prog[] = {
429		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_3, idx),
430		BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_2, mfd),
431		BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0,
432			     BPF_FUNC_tail_call),
433		BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, ret),
434		BPF_EXIT_INSN(),
435	};
436
437	return bpf_load_program(prog_type, prog,
438				ARRAY_SIZE(prog), "GPL", 0, NULL, 0);
439}
440
441static int create_prog_array(enum bpf_prog_type prog_type, uint32_t max_elem,
442			     int p1key, int p2key, int p3key)
443{
444	int mfd, p1fd, p2fd, p3fd;
445
446	mfd = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
447			     sizeof(int), max_elem, 0);
448	if (mfd < 0) {
449		if (skip_unsupported_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY))
450			return -1;
451		printf("Failed to create prog array '%s'!\n", strerror(errno));
452		return -1;
453	}
454
455	p1fd = create_prog_dummy_simple(prog_type, 42);
456	p2fd = create_prog_dummy_loop(prog_type, mfd, p2key, 41);
457	p3fd = create_prog_dummy_simple(prog_type, 24);
458	if (p1fd < 0 || p2fd < 0 || p3fd < 0)
459		goto err;
460	if (bpf_map_update_elem(mfd, &p1key, &p1fd, BPF_ANY) < 0)
461		goto err;
462	if (bpf_map_update_elem(mfd, &p2key, &p2fd, BPF_ANY) < 0)
463		goto err;
464	if (bpf_map_update_elem(mfd, &p3key, &p3fd, BPF_ANY) < 0) {
465err:
466		close(mfd);
467		mfd = -1;
468	}
469	close(p3fd);
470	close(p2fd);
471	close(p1fd);
472	return mfd;
473}
474
475static int create_map_in_map(void)
476{
477	int inner_map_fd, outer_map_fd;
478
479	inner_map_fd = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
480				      sizeof(int), 1, 0);
481	if (inner_map_fd < 0) {
482		if (skip_unsupported_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY))
483			return -1;
484		printf("Failed to create array '%s'!\n", strerror(errno));
485		return inner_map_fd;
486	}
487
488	outer_map_fd = bpf_create_map_in_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS, NULL,
489					     sizeof(int), inner_map_fd, 1, 0);
490	if (outer_map_fd < 0) {
491		if (skip_unsupported_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS))
492			return -1;
493		printf("Failed to create array of maps '%s'!\n",
494		       strerror(errno));
495	}
496
497	close(inner_map_fd);
498
499	return outer_map_fd;
500}
501
502static int create_cgroup_storage(bool percpu)
503{
504	enum bpf_map_type type = percpu ? BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE :
505		BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_STORAGE;
506	int fd;
507
508	fd = bpf_create_map(type, sizeof(struct bpf_cgroup_storage_key),
509			    TEST_DATA_LEN, 0, 0);
510	if (fd < 0) {
511		if (skip_unsupported_map(type))
512			return -1;
513		printf("Failed to create cgroup storage '%s'!\n",
514		       strerror(errno));
515	}
516
517	return fd;
518}
519
520/* struct bpf_spin_lock {
521 *   int val;
522 * };
523 * struct val {
524 *   int cnt;
525 *   struct bpf_spin_lock l;
526 * };
527 */
528static const char btf_str_sec[] = "\0bpf_spin_lock\0val\0cnt\0l";
529static __u32 btf_raw_types[] = {
530	/* int */
531	BTF_TYPE_INT_ENC(0, BTF_INT_SIGNED, 0, 32, 4),  /* [1] */
532	/* struct bpf_spin_lock */                      /* [2] */
533	BTF_TYPE_ENC(1, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_STRUCT, 0, 1), 4),
534	BTF_MEMBER_ENC(15, 1, 0), /* int val; */
535	/* struct val */                                /* [3] */
536	BTF_TYPE_ENC(15, BTF_INFO_ENC(BTF_KIND_STRUCT, 0, 2), 8),
537	BTF_MEMBER_ENC(19, 1, 0), /* int cnt; */
538	BTF_MEMBER_ENC(23, 2, 32),/* struct bpf_spin_lock l; */
539};
540
541static int load_btf(void)
542{
543	struct btf_header hdr = {
544		.magic = BTF_MAGIC,
545		.version = BTF_VERSION,
546		.hdr_len = sizeof(struct btf_header),
547		.type_len = sizeof(btf_raw_types),
548		.str_off = sizeof(btf_raw_types),
549		.str_len = sizeof(btf_str_sec),
550	};
551	void *ptr, *raw_btf;
552	int btf_fd;
553
554	ptr = raw_btf = malloc(sizeof(hdr) + sizeof(btf_raw_types) +
555			       sizeof(btf_str_sec));
556
557	memcpy(ptr, &hdr, sizeof(hdr));
558	ptr += sizeof(hdr);
559	memcpy(ptr, btf_raw_types, hdr.type_len);
560	ptr += hdr.type_len;
561	memcpy(ptr, btf_str_sec, hdr.str_len);
562	ptr += hdr.str_len;
563
564	btf_fd = bpf_load_btf(raw_btf, ptr - raw_btf, 0, 0, 0);
565	free(raw_btf);
566	if (btf_fd < 0)
567		return -1;
568	return btf_fd;
569}
570
571static int create_map_spin_lock(void)
572{
573	struct bpf_create_map_attr attr = {
574		.name = "test_map",
575		.map_type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY,
576		.key_size = 4,
577		.value_size = 8,
578		.max_entries = 1,
579		.btf_key_type_id = 1,
580		.btf_value_type_id = 3,
581	};
582	int fd, btf_fd;
583
584	btf_fd = load_btf();
585	if (btf_fd < 0)
586		return -1;
587	attr.btf_fd = btf_fd;
588	fd = bpf_create_map_xattr(&attr);
589	if (fd < 0)
590		printf("Failed to create map with spin_lock\n");
591	return fd;
592}
593
594static int create_sk_storage_map(void)
595{
596	struct bpf_create_map_attr attr = {
597		.name = "test_map",
598		.map_type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_SK_STORAGE,
599		.key_size = 4,
600		.value_size = 8,
601		.max_entries = 0,
602		.map_flags = BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC,
603		.btf_key_type_id = 1,
604		.btf_value_type_id = 3,
605	};
606	int fd, btf_fd;
607
608	btf_fd = load_btf();
609	if (btf_fd < 0)
610		return -1;
611	attr.btf_fd = btf_fd;
612	fd = bpf_create_map_xattr(&attr);
613	close(attr.btf_fd);
614	if (fd < 0)
615		printf("Failed to create sk_storage_map\n");
616	return fd;
617}
618
619static char bpf_vlog[UINT_MAX >> 8];
620
621static void do_test_fixup(struct bpf_test *test, enum bpf_prog_type prog_type,
622			  struct bpf_insn *prog, int *map_fds)
623{
624	int *fixup_map_hash_8b = test->fixup_map_hash_8b;
625	int *fixup_map_hash_48b = test->fixup_map_hash_48b;
626	int *fixup_map_hash_16b = test->fixup_map_hash_16b;
627	int *fixup_map_array_48b = test->fixup_map_array_48b;
628	int *fixup_map_sockmap = test->fixup_map_sockmap;
629	int *fixup_map_sockhash = test->fixup_map_sockhash;
630	int *fixup_map_xskmap = test->fixup_map_xskmap;
631	int *fixup_map_stacktrace = test->fixup_map_stacktrace;
632	int *fixup_prog1 = test->fixup_prog1;
633	int *fixup_prog2 = test->fixup_prog2;
634	int *fixup_map_in_map = test->fixup_map_in_map;
635	int *fixup_cgroup_storage = test->fixup_cgroup_storage;
636	int *fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage = test->fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage;
637	int *fixup_map_spin_lock = test->fixup_map_spin_lock;
638	int *fixup_map_array_ro = test->fixup_map_array_ro;
639	int *fixup_map_array_wo = test->fixup_map_array_wo;
640	int *fixup_map_array_small = test->fixup_map_array_small;
641	int *fixup_sk_storage_map = test->fixup_sk_storage_map;
642	int *fixup_map_event_output = test->fixup_map_event_output;
643	int *fixup_map_reuseport_array = test->fixup_map_reuseport_array;
644	int *fixup_map_ringbuf = test->fixup_map_ringbuf;
645
646	if (test->fill_helper) {
647		test->fill_insns = calloc(MAX_TEST_INSNS, sizeof(struct bpf_insn));
648		test->fill_helper(test);
649	}
650
651	/* Allocating HTs with 1 elem is fine here, since we only test
652	 * for verifier and not do a runtime lookup, so the only thing
653	 * that really matters is value size in this case.
654	 */
655	if (*fixup_map_hash_8b) {
656		map_fds[0] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(long long),
657					sizeof(long long), 1);
658		do {
659			prog[*fixup_map_hash_8b].imm = map_fds[0];
660			fixup_map_hash_8b++;
661		} while (*fixup_map_hash_8b);
662	}
663
664	if (*fixup_map_hash_48b) {
665		map_fds[1] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(long long),
666					sizeof(struct test_val), 1);
667		do {
668			prog[*fixup_map_hash_48b].imm = map_fds[1];
669			fixup_map_hash_48b++;
670		} while (*fixup_map_hash_48b);
671	}
672
673	if (*fixup_map_hash_16b) {
674		map_fds[2] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(long long),
675					sizeof(struct other_val), 1);
676		do {
677			prog[*fixup_map_hash_16b].imm = map_fds[2];
678			fixup_map_hash_16b++;
679		} while (*fixup_map_hash_16b);
680	}
681
682	if (*fixup_map_array_48b) {
683		map_fds[3] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
684					sizeof(struct test_val), 1);
685		update_map(map_fds[3], 0);
686		do {
687			prog[*fixup_map_array_48b].imm = map_fds[3];
688			fixup_map_array_48b++;
689		} while (*fixup_map_array_48b);
690	}
691
692	if (*fixup_prog1) {
693		map_fds[4] = create_prog_array(prog_type, 4, 0, 1, 2);
694		do {
695			prog[*fixup_prog1].imm = map_fds[4];
696			fixup_prog1++;
697		} while (*fixup_prog1);
698	}
699
700	if (*fixup_prog2) {
701		map_fds[5] = create_prog_array(prog_type, 8, 7, 1, 2);
702		do {
703			prog[*fixup_prog2].imm = map_fds[5];
704			fixup_prog2++;
705		} while (*fixup_prog2);
706	}
707
708	if (*fixup_map_in_map) {
709		map_fds[6] = create_map_in_map();
710		do {
711			prog[*fixup_map_in_map].imm = map_fds[6];
712			fixup_map_in_map++;
713		} while (*fixup_map_in_map);
714	}
715
716	if (*fixup_cgroup_storage) {
717		map_fds[7] = create_cgroup_storage(false);
718		do {
719			prog[*fixup_cgroup_storage].imm = map_fds[7];
720			fixup_cgroup_storage++;
721		} while (*fixup_cgroup_storage);
722	}
723
724	if (*fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage) {
725		map_fds[8] = create_cgroup_storage(true);
726		do {
727			prog[*fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage].imm = map_fds[8];
728			fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage++;
729		} while (*fixup_percpu_cgroup_storage);
730	}
731	if (*fixup_map_sockmap) {
732		map_fds[9] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP, sizeof(int),
733					sizeof(int), 1);
734		do {
735			prog[*fixup_map_sockmap].imm = map_fds[9];
736			fixup_map_sockmap++;
737		} while (*fixup_map_sockmap);
738	}
739	if (*fixup_map_sockhash) {
740		map_fds[10] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH, sizeof(int),
741					sizeof(int), 1);
742		do {
743			prog[*fixup_map_sockhash].imm = map_fds[10];
744			fixup_map_sockhash++;
745		} while (*fixup_map_sockhash);
746	}
747	if (*fixup_map_xskmap) {
748		map_fds[11] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_XSKMAP, sizeof(int),
749					sizeof(int), 1);
750		do {
751			prog[*fixup_map_xskmap].imm = map_fds[11];
752			fixup_map_xskmap++;
753		} while (*fixup_map_xskmap);
754	}
755	if (*fixup_map_stacktrace) {
756		map_fds[12] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE, sizeof(u32),
757					 sizeof(u64), 1);
758		do {
759			prog[*fixup_map_stacktrace].imm = map_fds[12];
760			fixup_map_stacktrace++;
761		} while (*fixup_map_stacktrace);
762	}
763	if (*fixup_map_spin_lock) {
764		map_fds[13] = create_map_spin_lock();
765		do {
766			prog[*fixup_map_spin_lock].imm = map_fds[13];
767			fixup_map_spin_lock++;
768		} while (*fixup_map_spin_lock);
769	}
770	if (*fixup_map_array_ro) {
771		map_fds[14] = __create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
772					   sizeof(struct test_val), 1,
773					   BPF_F_RDONLY_PROG);
774		update_map(map_fds[14], 0);
775		do {
776			prog[*fixup_map_array_ro].imm = map_fds[14];
777			fixup_map_array_ro++;
778		} while (*fixup_map_array_ro);
779	}
780	if (*fixup_map_array_wo) {
781		map_fds[15] = __create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
782					   sizeof(struct test_val), 1,
783					   BPF_F_WRONLY_PROG);
784		update_map(map_fds[15], 0);
785		do {
786			prog[*fixup_map_array_wo].imm = map_fds[15];
787			fixup_map_array_wo++;
788		} while (*fixup_map_array_wo);
789	}
790	if (*fixup_map_array_small) {
791		map_fds[16] = __create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(int),
792					   1, 1, 0);
793		update_map(map_fds[16], 0);
794		do {
795			prog[*fixup_map_array_small].imm = map_fds[16];
796			fixup_map_array_small++;
797		} while (*fixup_map_array_small);
798	}
799	if (*fixup_sk_storage_map) {
800		map_fds[17] = create_sk_storage_map();
801		do {
802			prog[*fixup_sk_storage_map].imm = map_fds[17];
803			fixup_sk_storage_map++;
804		} while (*fixup_sk_storage_map);
805	}
806	if (*fixup_map_event_output) {
807		map_fds[18] = __create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY,
808					   sizeof(int), sizeof(int), 1, 0);
809		do {
810			prog[*fixup_map_event_output].imm = map_fds[18];
811			fixup_map_event_output++;
812		} while (*fixup_map_event_output);
813	}
814	if (*fixup_map_reuseport_array) {
815		map_fds[19] = __create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY,
816					   sizeof(u32), sizeof(u64), 1, 0);
817		do {
818			prog[*fixup_map_reuseport_array].imm = map_fds[19];
819			fixup_map_reuseport_array++;
820		} while (*fixup_map_reuseport_array);
821	}
822	if (*fixup_map_ringbuf) {
823		map_fds[20] = create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_RINGBUF, 0,
824					   0, 4096);
825		do {
826			prog[*fixup_map_ringbuf].imm = map_fds[20];
827			fixup_map_ringbuf++;
828		} while (*fixup_map_ringbuf);
829	}
830}
831
832struct libcap {
833	struct __user_cap_header_struct hdr;
834	struct __user_cap_data_struct data[2];
835};
836
837static int set_admin(bool admin)
838{
839	cap_t caps;
840	/* need CAP_BPF, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_PERFMON to load progs */
841	const cap_value_t cap_net_admin = CAP_NET_ADMIN;
842	const cap_value_t cap_sys_admin = CAP_SYS_ADMIN;
843	struct libcap *cap;
844	int ret = -1;
845
846	caps = cap_get_proc();
847	if (!caps) {
848		perror("cap_get_proc");
849		return -1;
850	}
851	cap = (struct libcap *)caps;
852	if (cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_EFFECTIVE, 1, &cap_sys_admin, CAP_CLEAR)) {
853		perror("cap_set_flag clear admin");
854		goto out;
855	}
856	if (cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_EFFECTIVE, 1, &cap_net_admin,
857				admin ? CAP_SET : CAP_CLEAR)) {
858		perror("cap_set_flag set_or_clear net");
859		goto out;
860	}
861	/* libcap is likely old and simply ignores CAP_BPF and CAP_PERFMON,
862	 * so update effective bits manually
863	 */
864	if (admin) {
865		cap->data[1].effective |= 1 << (38 /* CAP_PERFMON */ - 32);
866		cap->data[1].effective |= 1 << (39 /* CAP_BPF */ - 32);
867	} else {
868		cap->data[1].effective &= ~(1 << (38 - 32));
869		cap->data[1].effective &= ~(1 << (39 - 32));
870	}
871	if (cap_set_proc(caps)) {
872		perror("cap_set_proc");
873		goto out;
874	}
875	ret = 0;
876out:
877	if (cap_free(caps))
878		perror("cap_free");
879	return ret;
880}
881
882static int do_prog_test_run(int fd_prog, bool unpriv, uint32_t expected_val,
883			    void *data, size_t size_data)
884{
885	__u8 tmp[TEST_DATA_LEN << 2];
886	__u32 size_tmp = sizeof(tmp);
887	uint32_t retval;
888	int err;
889
890	if (unpriv)
891		set_admin(true);
892	err = bpf_prog_test_run(fd_prog, 1, data, size_data,
893				tmp, &size_tmp, &retval, NULL);
894	if (unpriv)
895		set_admin(false);
896	if (err && errno != 524/*ENOTSUPP*/ && errno != EPERM) {
897		printf("Unexpected bpf_prog_test_run error ");
898		return err;
899	}
900	if (!err && retval != expected_val &&
901	    expected_val != POINTER_VALUE) {
902		printf("FAIL retval %d != %d ", retval, expected_val);
903		return 1;
904	}
905
906	return 0;
907}
908
909static bool cmp_str_seq(const char *log, const char *exp)
910{
911	char needle[80];
912	const char *p, *q;
913	int len;
914
915	do {
916		p = strchr(exp, '\t');
917		if (!p)
918			p = exp + strlen(exp);
919
920		len = p - exp;
921		if (len >= sizeof(needle) || !len) {
922			printf("FAIL\nTestcase bug\n");
923			return false;
924		}
925		strncpy(needle, exp, len);
926		needle[len] = 0;
927		q = strstr(log, needle);
928		if (!q) {
929			printf("FAIL\nUnexpected verifier log in successful load!\n"
930			       "EXP: %s\nRES:\n", needle);
931			return false;
932		}
933		log = q + len;
934		exp = p + 1;
935	} while (*p);
936	return true;
937}
938
939static void do_test_single(struct bpf_test *test, bool unpriv,
940			   int *passes, int *errors)
941{
942	int fd_prog, expected_ret, alignment_prevented_execution;
943	int prog_len, prog_type = test->prog_type;
944	struct bpf_insn *prog = test->insns;
945	struct bpf_load_program_attr attr;
946	int run_errs, run_successes;
947	int map_fds[MAX_NR_MAPS];
948	const char *expected_err;
949	int fixup_skips;
950	__u32 pflags;
951	int i, err;
952
953	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_MAPS; i++)
954		map_fds[i] = -1;
955
956	if (!prog_type)
957		prog_type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER;
958	fixup_skips = skips;
959	do_test_fixup(test, prog_type, prog, map_fds);
960	if (test->fill_insns) {
961		prog = test->fill_insns;
962		prog_len = test->prog_len;
963	} else {
964		prog_len = probe_filter_length(prog);
965	}
966	/* If there were some map skips during fixup due to missing bpf
967	 * features, skip this test.
968	 */
969	if (fixup_skips != skips)
970		return;
971
972	pflags = BPF_F_TEST_RND_HI32;
973	if (test->flags & F_LOAD_WITH_STRICT_ALIGNMENT)
974		pflags |= BPF_F_STRICT_ALIGNMENT;
975	if (test->flags & F_NEEDS_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS)
976		pflags |= BPF_F_ANY_ALIGNMENT;
977	if (test->flags & ~3)
978		pflags |= test->flags;
979
980	expected_ret = unpriv && test->result_unpriv != UNDEF ?
981		       test->result_unpriv : test->result;
982	expected_err = unpriv && test->errstr_unpriv ?
983		       test->errstr_unpriv : test->errstr;
984	memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
985	attr.prog_type = prog_type;
986	attr.expected_attach_type = test->expected_attach_type;
987	attr.insns = prog;
988	attr.insns_cnt = prog_len;
989	attr.license = "GPL";
990	if (verbose)
991		attr.log_level = 1;
992	else if (expected_ret == VERBOSE_ACCEPT)
993		attr.log_level = 2;
994	else
995		attr.log_level = 4;
996	attr.prog_flags = pflags;
997
998	if (prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING && test->kfunc) {
999		attr.attach_btf_id = libbpf_find_vmlinux_btf_id(test->kfunc,
1000						attr.expected_attach_type);
1001		if (attr.attach_btf_id < 0) {
1002			printf("FAIL\nFailed to find BTF ID for '%s'!\n",
1003				test->kfunc);
1004			(*errors)++;
1005			return;
1006		}
1007	}
1008
1009	fd_prog = bpf_load_program_xattr(&attr, bpf_vlog, sizeof(bpf_vlog));
1010
1011	/* BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING requires more setup and
1012	 * bpf_probe_prog_type won't give correct answer
1013	 */
1014	if (fd_prog < 0 && prog_type != BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING &&
1015	    !bpf_probe_prog_type(prog_type, 0)) {
1016		printf("SKIP (unsupported program type %d)\n", prog_type);
1017		skips++;
1018		goto close_fds;
1019	}
1020
1021	alignment_prevented_execution = 0;
1022
1023	if (expected_ret == ACCEPT || expected_ret == VERBOSE_ACCEPT) {
1024		if (fd_prog < 0) {
1025			printf("FAIL\nFailed to load prog '%s'!\n",
1026			       strerror(errno));
1027			goto fail_log;
1028		}
1029#ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
1030		if (fd_prog >= 0 &&
1031		    (test->flags & F_NEEDS_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS))
1032			alignment_prevented_execution = 1;
1033#endif
1034		if (expected_ret == VERBOSE_ACCEPT && !cmp_str_seq(bpf_vlog, expected_err)) {
1035			goto fail_log;
1036		}
1037	} else {
1038		if (fd_prog >= 0) {
1039			printf("FAIL\nUnexpected success to load!\n");
1040			goto fail_log;
1041		}
1042		if (!expected_err || !strstr(bpf_vlog, expected_err)) {
1043			printf("FAIL\nUnexpected error message!\n\tEXP: %s\n\tRES: %s\n",
1044			      expected_err, bpf_vlog);
1045			goto fail_log;
1046		}
1047	}
1048
1049	if (!unpriv && test->insn_processed) {
1050		uint32_t insn_processed;
1051		char *proc;
1052
1053		proc = strstr(bpf_vlog, "processed ");
1054		insn_processed = atoi(proc + 10);
1055		if (test->insn_processed != insn_processed) {
1056			printf("FAIL\nUnexpected insn_processed %u vs %u\n",
1057			       insn_processed, test->insn_processed);
1058			goto fail_log;
1059		}
1060	}
1061
1062	if (verbose)
1063		printf(", verifier log:\n%s", bpf_vlog);
1064
1065	run_errs = 0;
1066	run_successes = 0;
1067	if (!alignment_prevented_execution && fd_prog >= 0) {
1068		uint32_t expected_val;
1069		int i;
1070
1071		if (!test->runs)
1072			test->runs = 1;
1073
1074		for (i = 0; i < test->runs; i++) {
1075			if (unpriv && test->retvals[i].retval_unpriv)
1076				expected_val = test->retvals[i].retval_unpriv;
1077			else
1078				expected_val = test->retvals[i].retval;
1079
1080			err = do_prog_test_run(fd_prog, unpriv, expected_val,
1081					       test->retvals[i].data,
1082					       sizeof(test->retvals[i].data));
1083			if (err) {
1084				printf("(run %d/%d) ", i + 1, test->runs);
1085				run_errs++;
1086			} else {
1087				run_successes++;
1088			}
1089		}
1090	}
1091
1092	if (!run_errs) {
1093		(*passes)++;
1094		if (run_successes > 1)
1095			printf("%d cases ", run_successes);
1096		printf("OK");
1097		if (alignment_prevented_execution)
1098			printf(" (NOTE: not executed due to unknown alignment)");
1099		printf("\n");
1100	} else {
1101		printf("\n");
1102		goto fail_log;
1103	}
1104close_fds:
1105	if (test->fill_insns)
1106		free(test->fill_insns);
1107	close(fd_prog);
1108	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_MAPS; i++)
1109		close(map_fds[i]);
1110	sched_yield();
1111	return;
1112fail_log:
1113	(*errors)++;
1114	printf("%s", bpf_vlog);
1115	goto close_fds;
1116}
1117
1118static bool is_admin(void)
1119{
1120	cap_flag_value_t net_priv = CAP_CLEAR;
1121	bool perfmon_priv = false;
1122	bool bpf_priv = false;
1123	struct libcap *cap;
1124	cap_t caps;
1125
1126#ifdef CAP_IS_SUPPORTED
1127	if (!CAP_IS_SUPPORTED(CAP_SETFCAP)) {
1128		perror("cap_get_flag");
1129		return false;
1130	}
1131#endif
1132	caps = cap_get_proc();
1133	if (!caps) {
1134		perror("cap_get_proc");
1135		return false;
1136	}
1137	cap = (struct libcap *)caps;
1138	bpf_priv = cap->data[1].effective & (1 << (39/* CAP_BPF */ - 32));
1139	perfmon_priv = cap->data[1].effective & (1 << (38/* CAP_PERFMON */ - 32));
1140	if (cap_get_flag(caps, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_EFFECTIVE, &net_priv))
1141		perror("cap_get_flag NET");
1142	if (cap_free(caps))
1143		perror("cap_free");
1144	return bpf_priv && perfmon_priv && net_priv == CAP_SET;
1145}
1146
1147static void get_unpriv_disabled()
1148{
1149	char buf[2];
1150	FILE *fd;
1151
1152	fd = fopen("/proc/sys/"UNPRIV_SYSCTL, "r");
1153	if (!fd) {
1154		perror("fopen /proc/sys/"UNPRIV_SYSCTL);
1155		unpriv_disabled = true;
1156		return;
1157	}
1158	if (fgets(buf, 2, fd) == buf && atoi(buf))
1159		unpriv_disabled = true;
1160	fclose(fd);
1161}
1162
1163static bool test_as_unpriv(struct bpf_test *test)
1164{
1165	return !test->prog_type ||
1166	       test->prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER ||
1167	       test->prog_type == BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB;
1168}
1169
1170static int do_test(bool unpriv, unsigned int from, unsigned int to)
1171{
1172	int i, passes = 0, errors = 0;
1173
1174	for (i = from; i < to; i++) {
1175		struct bpf_test *test = &tests[i];
1176
1177		/* Program types that are not supported by non-root we
1178		 * skip right away.
1179		 */
1180		if (test_as_unpriv(test) && unpriv_disabled) {
1181			printf("#%d/u %s SKIP\n", i, test->descr);
1182			skips++;
1183		} else if (test_as_unpriv(test)) {
1184			if (!unpriv)
1185				set_admin(false);
1186			printf("#%d/u %s ", i, test->descr);
1187			do_test_single(test, true, &passes, &errors);
1188			if (!unpriv)
1189				set_admin(true);
1190		}
1191
1192		if (unpriv) {
1193			printf("#%d/p %s SKIP\n", i, test->descr);
1194			skips++;
1195		} else {
1196			printf("#%d/p %s ", i, test->descr);
1197			do_test_single(test, false, &passes, &errors);
1198		}
1199	}
1200
1201	printf("Summary: %d PASSED, %d SKIPPED, %d FAILED\n", passes,
1202	       skips, errors);
1203	return errors ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
1204}
1205
1206int main(int argc, char **argv)
1207{
1208	unsigned int from = 0, to = ARRAY_SIZE(tests);
1209	bool unpriv = !is_admin();
1210	int arg = 1;
1211
1212	if (argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1], "-v") == 0) {
1213		arg++;
1214		verbose = true;
1215		argc--;
1216	}
1217
1218	if (argc == 3) {
1219		unsigned int l = atoi(argv[arg]);
1220		unsigned int u = atoi(argv[arg + 1]);
1221
1222		if (l < to && u < to) {
1223			from = l;
1224			to   = u + 1;
1225		}
1226	} else if (argc == 2) {
1227		unsigned int t = atoi(argv[arg]);
1228
1229		if (t < to) {
1230			from = t;
1231			to   = t + 1;
1232		}
1233	}
1234
1235	get_unpriv_disabled();
1236	if (unpriv && unpriv_disabled) {
1237		printf("Cannot run as unprivileged user with sysctl %s.\n",
1238		       UNPRIV_SYSCTL);
1239		return EXIT_FAILURE;
1240	}
1241
1242	bpf_semi_rand_init();
1243	return do_test(unpriv, from, to);
1244}
1245