xref: /kernel/linux/linux-5.10/Documentation/networking/dsa/dsa.rst

============
Architecture
============

This document describes the **Distributed Switch Architecture (DSA)** subsystem
design principles, limitations, interactions with other subsystems, and how to
develop drivers for this subsystem as well as a TODO for developers interested
in joining the effort.

Design principles
=================

The Distributed Switch Architecture is a subsystem which was primarily designed
to support Marvell Ethernet switches (MV88E6xxx, a.k.a Linkstreet product line)
using Linux, but has since evolved to support other vendors as well.

The original philosophy behind this design was to be able to use unmodified
Linux tools such as bridge, iproute2, ifconfig to work transparently whether
they configured/queried a switch port network device or a regular network
device.

An Ethernet switch is typically comprised of multiple front-panel ports, and one
or more CPU or management port. The DSA subsystem currently relies on the
presence of a management port connected to an Ethernet controller capable of
receiving Ethernet frames from the switch. This is a very common setup for all
kinds of Ethernet switches found in Small Home and Office products: routers,
gateways, or even top-of-the rack switches. This host Ethernet controller will
be later referred to as "master" and "cpu" in DSA terminology and code.

The D in DSA stands for Distributed, because the subsystem has been designed
with the ability to configure and manage cascaded switches on top of each other
using upstream and downstream Ethernet links between switches. These specific
ports are referred to as "dsa" ports in DSA terminology and code. A collection
of multiple switches connected to each other is called a "switch tree".

For each front-panel port, DSA will create specialized network devices which are
used as controlling and data-flowing endpoints for use by the Linux networking
stack. These specialized network interfaces are referred to as "slave" network
interfaces in DSA terminology and code.

The ideal case for using DSA is when an Ethernet switch supports a "switch tag"
which is a hardware feature making the switch insert a specific tag for each
Ethernet frames it received to/from specific ports to help the management
interface figure out:

- what port is this frame coming from
- what was the reason why this frame got forwarded
- how to send CPU originated traffic to specific ports

The subsystem does support switches not capable of inserting/stripping tags, but
the features might be slightly limited in that case (traffic separation relies
on Port-based VLAN IDs).

Note that DSA does not currently create network interfaces for the "cpu" and
"dsa" ports because:

- the "cpu" port is the Ethernet switch facing side of the management
  controller, and as such, would create a duplication of feature, since you
  would get two interfaces for the same conduit: master netdev, and "cpu" netdev

- the "dsa" port(s) are just conduits between two or more switches, and as such
  cannot really be used as proper network interfaces either, only the
  downstream, or the top-most upstream interface makes sense with that model

Switch tagging protocols
------------------------

DSA currently supports 5 different tagging protocols, and a tag-less mode as
well. The different protocols are implemented in:

- ``net/dsa/tag_trailer.c``: Marvell's 4 trailer tag mode (legacy)
- ``net/dsa/tag_dsa.c``: Marvell's original DSA tag
- ``net/dsa/tag_edsa.c``: Marvell's enhanced DSA tag
- ``net/dsa/tag_brcm.c``: Broadcom's 4 bytes tag
- ``net/dsa/tag_qca.c``: Qualcomm's 2 bytes tag

The exact format of the tag protocol is vendor specific, but in general, they
all contain something which:

- identifies which port the Ethernet frame came from/should be sent to
- provides a reason why this frame was forwarded to the management interface

Master network devices
----------------------

Master network devices are regular, unmodified Linux network device drivers for
the CPU/management Ethernet interface. Such a driver might occasionally need to
know whether DSA is enabled (e.g.: to enable/disable specific offload features),
but the DSA subsystem has been proven to work with industry standard drivers:
``e1000e,`` ``mv643xx_eth`` etc. without having to introduce modifications to these
drivers. Such network devices are also often referred to as conduit network
devices since they act as a pipe between the host processor and the hardware
Ethernet switch.

Networking stack hooks
----------------------

When a master netdev is used with DSA, a small hook is placed in the
networking stack is in order to have the DSA subsystem process the Ethernet
switch specific tagging protocol. DSA accomplishes this by registering a
specific (and fake) Ethernet type (later becoming ``skb->protocol``) with the
networking stack, this is also known as a ``ptype`` or ``packet_type``. A typical
Ethernet Frame receive sequence looks like this:

Master network device (e.g.: e1000e):

1. Receive interrupt fires:

        - receive function is invoked
        - basic packet processing is done: getting length, status etc.
        - packet is prepared to be processed by the Ethernet layer by calling
          ``eth_type_trans``

2. net/ethernet/eth.c::

          eth_type_trans(skb, dev)
                  if (dev->dsa_ptr != NULL)
                          -> skb->protocol = ETH_P_XDSA

3. drivers/net/ethernet/\*::

          netif_receive_skb(skb)
                  -> iterate over registered packet_type
                          -> invoke handler for ETH_P_XDSA, calls dsa_switch_rcv()

4. net/dsa/dsa.c::

          -> dsa_switch_rcv()
                  -> invoke switch tag specific protocol handler in 'net/dsa/tag_*.c'

5. net/dsa/tag_*.c:

        - inspect and strip switch tag protocol to determine originating port
        - locate per-port network device
        - invoke ``eth_type_trans()`` with the DSA slave network device
        - invoked ``netif_receive_skb()``

Past this point, the DSA slave network devices get delivered regular Ethernet
frames that can be processed by the networking stack.

Slave network devices
---------------------

Slave network devices created by DSA are stacked on top of their master network
device, each of these network interfaces will be responsible for being a
controlling and data-flowing end-point for each front-panel port of the switch.
These interfaces are specialized in order to:

- insert/remove the switch tag protocol (if it exists) when sending traffic
  to/from specific switch ports
- query the switch for ethtool operations: statistics, link state,
  Wake-on-LAN, register dumps...
- external/internal PHY management: link, auto-negotiation etc.

These slave network devices have custom net_device_ops and ethtool_ops function
pointers which allow DSA to introduce a level of layering between the networking
stack/ethtool, and the switch driver implementation.

Upon frame transmission from these slave network devices, DSA will look up which
switch tagging protocol is currently registered with these network devices, and
invoke a specific transmit routine which takes care of adding the relevant
switch tag in the Ethernet frames.

These frames are then queued for transmission using the master network device
``ndo_start_xmit()`` function, since they contain the appropriate switch tag, the
Ethernet switch will be able to process these incoming frames from the
management interface and delivers these frames to the physical switch port.

Graphical representation
------------------------

Summarized, this is basically how DSA looks like from a network device
perspective::


                |---------------------------
                | CPU network device (eth0)|
                ----------------------------
                | <tag added by switch     |
                |                          |
                |                          |
                |        tag added by CPU> |
        |--------------------------------------------|
        |            Switch driver                   |
        |--------------------------------------------|
                  ||        ||         ||
              |-------|  |-------|  |-------|
              | sw0p0 |  | sw0p1 |  | sw0p2 |
              |-------|  |-------|  |-------|



Slave MDIO bus
--------------

In order to be able to read to/from a switch PHY built into it, DSA creates a
slave MDIO bus which allows a specific switch driver to divert and intercept
MDIO reads/writes towards specific PHY addresses. In most MDIO-connected
switches, these functions would utilize direct or indirect PHY addressing mode
to return standard MII registers from the switch builtin PHYs, allowing the PHY
library and/or to return link status, link partner pages, auto-negotiation
results etc..

For Ethernet switches which have both external and internal MDIO busses, the
slave MII bus can be utilized to mux/demux MDIO reads and writes towards either
internal or external MDIO devices this switch might be connected to: internal
PHYs, external PHYs, or even external switches.

Data structures
---------------

DSA data structures are defined in ``include/net/dsa.h`` as well as
``net/dsa/dsa_priv.h``:

- ``dsa_chip_data``: platform data configuration for a given switch device,
  this structure describes a switch device's parent device, its address, as
  well as various properties of its ports: names/labels, and finally a routing
  table indication (when cascading switches)

- ``dsa_platform_data``: platform device configuration data which can reference
  a collection of dsa_chip_data structure if multiples switches are cascaded,
  the master network device this switch tree is attached to needs to be
  referenced

- ``dsa_switch_tree``: structure assigned to the master network device under
  ``dsa_ptr``, this structure references a dsa_platform_data structure as well as
  the tagging protocol supported by the switch tree, and which receive/transmit
  function hooks should be invoked, information about the directly attached
  switch is also provided: CPU port. Finally, a collection of dsa_switch are
  referenced to address individual switches in the tree.

- ``dsa_switch``: structure describing a switch device in the tree, referencing
  a ``dsa_switch_tree`` as a backpointer, slave network devices, master network
  device, and a reference to the backing``dsa_switch_ops``

- ``dsa_switch_ops``: structure referencing function pointers, see below for a
  full description.

Design limitations
==================

Limits on the number of devices and ports
-----------------------------------------

DSA currently limits the number of maximum switches within a tree to 4
(``DSA_MAX_SWITCHES``), and the number of ports per switch to 12 (``DSA_MAX_PORTS``).
These limits could be extended to support larger configurations would this need
arise.

Lack of CPU/DSA network devices
-------------------------------

DSA does not currently create slave network devices for the CPU or DSA ports, as
described before. This might be an issue in the following cases:

- inability to fetch switch CPU port statistics counters using ethtool, which
  can make it harder to debug MDIO switch connected using xMII interfaces

- inability to configure the CPU port link parameters based on the Ethernet
  controller capabilities attached to it: http://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/509806/

- inability to configure specific VLAN IDs / trunking VLANs between switches
  when using a cascaded setup

Common pitfalls using DSA setups
--------------------------------

Once a master network device is configured to use DSA (dev->dsa_ptr becomes
non-NULL), and the switch behind it expects a tagging protocol, this network
interface can only exclusively be used as a conduit interface. Sending packets
directly through this interface (e.g.: opening a socket using this interface)
will not make us go through the switch tagging protocol transmit function, so
the Ethernet switch on the other end, expecting a tag will typically drop this
frame.

Slave network devices check that the master network device is UP before allowing
you to administratively bring UP these slave network devices. A common
configuration mistake is forgetting to bring UP the master network device first.

Interactions with other subsystems
==================================

DSA currently leverages the following subsystems:

- MDIO/PHY library: ``drivers/net/phy/phy.c``, ``mdio_bus.c``
- Switchdev:``net/switchdev/*``
- Device Tree for various of_* functions

MDIO/PHY library
----------------

Slave network devices exposed by DSA may or may not be interfacing with PHY
devices (``struct phy_device`` as defined in ``include/linux/phy.h)``, but the DSA
subsystem deals with all possible combinations:

- internal PHY devices, built into the Ethernet switch hardware
- external PHY devices, connected via an internal or external MDIO bus
- internal PHY devices, connected via an internal MDIO bus
- special, non-autonegotiated or non MDIO-managed PHY devices: SFPs, MoCA; a.k.a
  fixed PHYs

The PHY configuration is done by the ``dsa_slave_phy_setup()`` function and the
logic basically looks like this:

- if Device Tree is used, the PHY device is looked up using the standard
  "phy-handle" property, if found, this PHY device is created and registered
  using ``of_phy_connect()``

- if Device Tree is used, and the PHY device is "fixed", that is, conforms to
  the definition of a non-MDIO managed PHY as defined in
  ``Documentation/devicetree/bindings/net/fixed-link.txt``, the PHY is registered
  and connected transparently using the special fixed MDIO bus driver

- finally, if the PHY is built into the switch, as is very common with
  standalone switch packages, the PHY is probed using the slave MII bus created
  by DSA


SWITCHDEV
---------

DSA directly utilizes SWITCHDEV when interfacing with the bridge layer, and
more specifically with its VLAN filtering portion when configuring VLANs on top
of per-port slave network devices. Since DSA primarily deals with
MDIO-connected switches, although not exclusively, SWITCHDEV's
prepare/abort/commit phases are often simplified into a prepare phase which
checks whether the operation is supported by the DSA switch driver, and a commit
phase which applies the changes.

As of today, the only SWITCHDEV objects supported by DSA are the FDB and VLAN
objects.

Device Tree
-----------

DSA features a standardized binding which is documented in
``Documentation/devicetree/bindings/net/dsa/dsa.txt``. PHY/MDIO library helper
functions such as ``of_get_phy_mode()``, ``of_phy_connect()`` are also used to query
per-port PHY specific details: interface connection, MDIO bus location etc..

Driver development
==================

DSA switch drivers need to implement a dsa_switch_ops structure which will
contain the various members described below.

``register_switch_driver()`` registers this dsa_switch_ops in its internal list
of drivers to probe for. ``unregister_switch_driver()`` does the exact opposite.

Unless requested differently by setting the priv_size member accordingly, DSA
does not allocate any driver private context space.

Switch configuration
--------------------

- ``tag_protocol``: this is to indicate what kind of tagging protocol is supported,
  should be a valid value from the ``dsa_tag_protocol`` enum

- ``probe``: probe routine which will be invoked by the DSA platform device upon
  registration to test for the presence/absence of a switch device. For MDIO
  devices, it is recommended to issue a read towards internal registers using
  the switch pseudo-PHY and return whether this is a supported device. For other
  buses, return a non-NULL string

- ``setup``: setup function for the switch, this function is responsible for setting
  up the ``dsa_switch_ops`` private structure with all it needs: register maps,
  interrupts, mutexes, locks etc.. This function is also expected to properly
  configure the switch to separate all network interfaces from each other, that
  is, they should be isolated by the switch hardware itself, typically by creating
  a Port-based VLAN ID for each port and allowing only the CPU port and the
  specific port to be in the forwarding vector. Ports that are unused by the
  platform should be disabled. Past this function, the switch is expected to be
  fully configured and ready to serve any kind of request. It is recommended
  to issue a software reset of the switch during this setup function in order to
  avoid relying on what a previous software agent such as a bootloader/firmware
  may have previously configured.

PHY devices and link management
-------------------------------

- ``get_phy_flags``: Some switches are interfaced to various kinds of Ethernet PHYs,
  if the PHY library PHY driver needs to know about information it cannot obtain
  on its own (e.g.: coming from switch memory mapped registers), this function
  should return a 32-bits bitmask of "flags", that is private between the switch
  driver and the Ethernet PHY driver in ``drivers/net/phy/\*``.

- ``phy_read``: Function invoked by the DSA slave MDIO bus when attempting to read
  the switch port MDIO registers. If unavailable, return 0xffff for each read.
  For builtin switch Ethernet PHYs, this function should allow reading the link
  status, auto-negotiation results, link partner pages etc..

- ``phy_write``: Function invoked by the DSA slave MDIO bus when attempting to write
  to the switch port MDIO registers. If unavailable return a negative error
  code.

- ``adjust_link``: Function invoked by the PHY library when a slave network device
  is attached to a PHY device. This function is responsible for appropriately
  configuring the switch port link parameters: speed, duplex, pause based on
  what the ``phy_device`` is providing.

- ``fixed_link_update``: Function invoked by the PHY library, and specifically by
  the fixed PHY driver asking the switch driver for link parameters that could
  not be auto-negotiated, or obtained by reading the PHY registers through MDIO.
  This is particularly useful for specific kinds of hardware such as QSGMII,
  MoCA or other kinds of non-MDIO managed PHYs where out of band link
  information is obtained

Ethtool operations
------------------

- ``get_strings``: ethtool function used to query the driver's strings, will
  typically return statistics strings, private flags strings etc.

- ``get_ethtool_stats``: ethtool function used to query per-port statistics and
  return their values. DSA overlays slave network devices general statistics:
  RX/TX counters from the network device, with switch driver specific statistics
  per port

- ``get_sset_count``: ethtool function used to query the number of statistics items

- ``get_wol``: ethtool function used to obtain Wake-on-LAN settings per-port, this
  function may, for certain implementations also query the master network device
  Wake-on-LAN settings if this interface needs to participate in Wake-on-LAN

- ``set_wol``: ethtool function used to configure Wake-on-LAN settings per-port,
  direct counterpart to set_wol with similar restrictions

- ``set_eee``: ethtool function which is used to configure a switch port EEE (Green
  Ethernet) settings, can optionally invoke the PHY library to enable EEE at the
  PHY level if relevant. This function should enable EEE at the switch port MAC
  controller and data-processing logic

- ``get_eee``: ethtool function which is used to query a switch port EEE settings,
  this function should return the EEE state of the switch port MAC controller
  and data-processing logic as well as query the PHY for its currently configured
  EEE settings

- ``get_eeprom_len``: ethtool function returning for a given switch the EEPROM
  length/size in bytes

- ``get_eeprom``: ethtool function returning for a given switch the EEPROM contents

- ``set_eeprom``: ethtool function writing specified data to a given switch EEPROM

- ``get_regs_len``: ethtool function returning the register length for a given
  switch

- ``get_regs``: ethtool function returning the Ethernet switch internal register
  contents. This function might require user-land code in ethtool to
  pretty-print register values and registers

Power management
----------------

- ``suspend``: function invoked by the DSA platform device when the system goes to
  suspend, should quiesce all Ethernet switch activities, but keep ports
  participating in Wake-on-LAN active as well as additional wake-up logic if
  supported

- ``resume``: function invoked by the DSA platform device when the system resumes,
  should resume all Ethernet switch activities and re-configure the switch to be
  in a fully active state

- ``port_enable``: function invoked by the DSA slave network device ndo_open
  function when a port is administratively brought up, this function should be
  fully enabling a given switch port. DSA takes care of marking the port with
  ``BR_STATE_BLOCKING`` if the port is a bridge member, or ``BR_STATE_FORWARDING`` if it
  was not, and propagating these changes down to the hardware

- ``port_disable``: function invoked by the DSA slave network device ndo_close
  function when a port is administratively brought down, this function should be
  fully disabling a given switch port. DSA takes care of marking the port with
  ``BR_STATE_DISABLED`` and propagating changes to the hardware if this port is
  disabled while being a bridge member

Bridge layer
------------

- ``port_bridge_join``: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port is
  added to a bridge, this function should be doing the necessary at the switch
  level to permit the joining port from being added to the relevant logical
  domain for it to ingress/egress traffic with other members of the bridge.

- ``port_bridge_leave``: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port is
  removed from a bridge, this function should be doing the necessary at the
  switch level to deny the leaving port from ingress/egress traffic from the
  remaining bridge members. When the port leaves the bridge, it should be aged
  out at the switch hardware for the switch to (re) learn MAC addresses behind
  this port.

- ``port_stp_state_set``: bridge layer function invoked when a given switch port STP
  state is computed by the bridge layer and should be propagated to switch
  hardware to forward/block/learn traffic. The switch driver is responsible for
  computing a STP state change based on current and asked parameters and perform
  the relevant ageing based on the intersection results

Bridge VLAN filtering
---------------------

- ``port_vlan_filtering``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge gets
  configured for turning on or off VLAN filtering. If nothing specific needs to
  be done at the hardware level, this callback does not need to be implemented.
  When VLAN filtering is turned on, the hardware must be programmed with
  rejecting 802.1Q frames which have VLAN IDs outside of the programmed allowed
  VLAN ID map/rules.  If there is no PVID programmed into the switch port,
  untagged frames must be rejected as well. When turned off the switch must
  accept any 802.1Q frames irrespective of their VLAN ID, and untagged frames are
  allowed.

- ``port_vlan_prepare``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge prepares the
  configuration of a VLAN on the given port. If the operation is not supported
  by the hardware, this function should return ``-EOPNOTSUPP`` to inform the bridge
  code to fallback to a software implementation. No hardware setup must be done
  in this function. See port_vlan_add for this and details.

- ``port_vlan_add``: bridge layer function invoked when a VLAN is configured
  (tagged or untagged) for the given switch port

- ``port_vlan_del``: bridge layer function invoked when a VLAN is removed from the
  given switch port

- ``port_vlan_dump``: bridge layer function invoked with a switchdev callback
  function that the driver has to call for each VLAN the given port is a member
  of. A switchdev object is used to carry the VID and bridge flags.

- ``port_fdb_add``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to install a
  Forwarding Database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed with the
  specified address in the specified VLAN Id in the forwarding database
  associated with this VLAN ID. If the operation is not supported, this
  function should return ``-EOPNOTSUPP`` to inform the bridge code to fallback to
  a software implementation.

.. note:: VLAN ID 0 corresponds to the port private database, which, in the context
        of DSA, would be its port-based VLAN, used by the associated bridge device.

- ``port_fdb_del``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to remove a
  Forwarding Database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed to delete
  the specified MAC address from the specified VLAN ID if it was mapped into
  this port forwarding database

- ``port_fdb_dump``: bridge layer function invoked with a switchdev callback
  function that the driver has to call for each MAC address known to be behind
  the given port. A switchdev object is used to carry the VID and FDB info.

- ``port_mdb_prepare``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge prepares the
  installation of a multicast database entry. If the operation is not supported,
  this function should return ``-EOPNOTSUPP`` to inform the bridge code to fallback
  to a software implementation. No hardware setup must be done in this function.
  See ``port_fdb_add`` for this and details.

- ``port_mdb_add``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to install
  a multicast database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed with the
  specified address in the specified VLAN ID in the forwarding database
  associated with this VLAN ID.

.. note:: VLAN ID 0 corresponds to the port private database, which, in the context
        of DSA, would be its port-based VLAN, used by the associated bridge device.

- ``port_mdb_del``: bridge layer function invoked when the bridge wants to remove a
  multicast database entry, the switch hardware should be programmed to delete
  the specified MAC address from the specified VLAN ID if it was mapped into
  this port forwarding database.

- ``port_mdb_dump``: bridge layer function invoked with a switchdev callback
  function that the driver has to call for each MAC address known to be behind
  the given port. A switchdev object is used to carry the VID and MDB info.

TODO
====

Making SWITCHDEV and DSA converge towards an unified codebase
-------------------------------------------------------------

SWITCHDEV properly takes care of abstracting the networking stack with offload
capable hardware, but does not enforce a strict switch device driver model. On
the other DSA enforces a fairly strict device driver model, and deals with most
of the switch specific. At some point we should envision a merger between these
two subsystems and get the best of both worlds.

Other hanging fruits
--------------------

- making the number of ports fully dynamic and not dependent on ``DSA_MAX_PORTS``
- allowing more than one CPU/management interface:
  http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/365657
- porting more drivers from other vendors:
  http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.network/365510