xref: /kernel/linux/linux-5.10/Documentation/driver-api/interconnect.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

=====================================
Generic System Interconnect Subsystem
=====================================

Introduction
------------

This framework is designed to provide a standard kernel interface to control
the settings of the interconnects on an SoC. These settings can be throughput,
latency and priority between multiple interconnected devices or functional
blocks. This can be controlled dynamically in order to save power or provide
maximum performance.

The interconnect bus is hardware with configurable parameters, which can be
set on a data path according to the requests received from various drivers.
An example of interconnect buses are the interconnects between various
components or functional blocks in chipsets. There can be multiple interconnects
on an SoC that can be multi-tiered.

Below is a simplified diagram of a real-world SoC interconnect bus topology.

::

 +----------------+    +----------------+
 | HW Accelerator |--->|      M NoC     |<---------------+
 +----------------+    +----------------+                |
                         |      |                    +------------+
  +-----+  +-------------+      V       +------+     |            |
  | DDR |  |                +--------+  | PCIe |     |            |
  +-----+  |                | Slaves |  +------+     |            |
    ^ ^    |                +--------+     |         |   C NoC    |
    | |    V                               V         |            |
 +------------------+   +------------------------+   |            |   +-----+
 |                  |-->|                        |-->|            |-->| CPU |
 |                  |-->|                        |<--|            |   +-----+
 |     Mem NoC      |   |         S NoC          |   +------------+
 |                  |<--|                        |---------+    |
 |                  |<--|                        |<------+ |    |   +--------+
 +------------------+   +------------------------+       | |    +-->| Slaves |
   ^  ^    ^    ^          ^                             | |        +--------+
   |  |    |    |          |                             | V
 +------+  |  +-----+   +-----+  +---------+   +----------------+   +--------+
 | CPUs |  |  | GPU |   | DSP |  | Masters |-->|       P NoC    |-->| Slaves |
 +------+  |  +-----+   +-----+  +---------+   +----------------+   +--------+
           |
       +-------+
       | Modem |
       +-------+

Terminology
-----------

Interconnect provider is the software definition of the interconnect hardware.
The interconnect providers on the above diagram are M NoC, S NoC, C NoC, P NoC
and Mem NoC.

Interconnect node is the software definition of the interconnect hardware
port. Each interconnect provider consists of multiple interconnect nodes,
which are connected to other SoC components including other interconnect
providers. The point on the diagram where the CPUs connect to the memory is
called an interconnect node, which belongs to the Mem NoC interconnect provider.

Interconnect endpoints are the first or the last element of the path. Every
endpoint is a node, but not every node is an endpoint.

Interconnect path is everything between two endpoints including all the nodes
that have to be traversed to reach from a source to destination node. It may
include multiple master-slave pairs across several interconnect providers.

Interconnect consumers are the entities which make use of the data paths exposed
by the providers. The consumers send requests to providers requesting various
throughput, latency and priority. Usually the consumers are device drivers, that
send request based on their needs. An example for a consumer is a video decoder
that supports various formats and image sizes.

Interconnect providers
----------------------

Interconnect provider is an entity that implements methods to initialize and
configure interconnect bus hardware. The interconnect provider drivers should
be registered with the interconnect provider core.

.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/interconnect-provider.h

Interconnect consumers
----------------------

Interconnect consumers are the clients which use the interconnect APIs to
get paths between endpoints and set their bandwidth/latency/QoS requirements
for these interconnect paths.  These interfaces are not currently
documented.

Interconnect debugfs interfaces
-------------------------------

Like several other subsystems interconnect will create some files for debugging
and introspection. Files in debugfs are not considered ABI so application
software shouldn't rely on format details change between kernel versions.

``/sys/kernel/debug/interconnect/interconnect_summary``:

Show all interconnect nodes in the system with their aggregated bandwidth
request. Indented under each node show bandwidth requests from each device.

``/sys/kernel/debug/interconnect/interconnect_graph``:

Show the interconnect graph in the graphviz dot format. It shows all
interconnect nodes and links in the system and groups together nodes from the
same provider as subgraphs. The format is human-readable and can also be piped
through dot to generate diagrams in many graphical formats::

        $ cat /sys/kernel/debug/interconnect/interconnect_graph | \
                dot -Tsvg > interconnect_graph.svg