1e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci# Worker简介 2e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 3e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciWorker主要作用是为应用程序提供一个多线程的运行环境,可满足应用程序在执行过程中与主线程分离,在后台线程中运行一个脚本进行耗时操作,极大避免类似于计算密集型或高延迟的任务阻塞主线程的运行。具体接口信息及使用方法详情请见[Worker](../reference/apis-arkts/js-apis-worker.md)。 4e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 5e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 6e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci## Worker运作机制 7e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 8e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci**图1** Worker运作机制示意图 9e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 10e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 11e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 12e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci创建Worker的线程称为宿主线程(不一定是主线程,工作线程也支持创建Worker子线程),Worker自身的线程称为Worker子线程(或Actor线程、工作线程)。每个Worker子线程与宿主线程拥有独立的实例,包含基础设施、对象、代码段等,因此每个Worker启动存在一定的内存开销,需要限制Worker的子线程数量。Worker子线程和宿主线程之间的通信是基于消息传递的,Worker通过序列化机制与宿主线程之间相互通信,完成命令及数据交互。 13e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 14e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 15e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci## Worker注意事项 16e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 17e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 创建Worker时,有手动和自动两种创建方式,手动创建Worker线程目录及文件时,还需同步进行相关配置,详情请参考[创建Worker的注意事项](#创建worker的注意事项)。 18e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 使用Worker能力时,构造函数中传入的Worker线程文件的路径在不同版本有不同的规则,详情请参见[文件路径注意事项](#文件路径注意事项)。 19e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- Worker创建后需要手动管理生命周期,且最多同时运行的Worker子线程数量为64个,详情请参见[生命周期注意事项](#生命周期注意事项)。 20e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 由于不同线程中上下文对象是不同的,因此Worker线程只能使用线程安全的库,例如UI相关的非线程安全库不能使用。 21e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 序列化传输的数据量大小限制为16MB。 22e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 使用Worker模块时,需要在主线程中注册onerror接口,否则当Worker线程出现异常时会发生jscrash问题。 23e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 不支持跨HAP使用Worker线程文件。 24e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 创建Worker对象时仅允许加载本模块下存在的Worker线程文件,不支持加载其他模块的Worker线程文件。若依赖其他模块提供的Worker功能,需要将Worker实现的整套逻辑封装到方法中,将方法导出后供其他模块使用。 25e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 引用HAR/HSP前,需要先配置对HAR/HSP的依赖,详见[引用共享包](https://developer.huawei.com/consumer/cn/doc/harmonyos-guides-V5/ide-har-import-V5)。 26e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 不支持在Worker工作线程中使用[AppStorage](../quick-start/arkts-appstorage.md)。 27e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 28e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 29e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci### 创建Worker的注意事项 30e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 31e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciWorker线程文件需要放在"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/"目录层级之下,否则不会被打包到应用中。有手动和自动两种创建Worker线程目录及文件的方式。 32e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 33e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 手动创建:开发者手动创建相关目录及文件,此时需要配置build-profile.json5的相关字段信息,Worker线程文件才能确保被打包到应用中。 34e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 35e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci Stage模型: 36e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 37e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ```json 38e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "buildOption": { 39e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "sourceOption": { 40e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "workers": [ 41e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "./src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 42e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ] 43e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci } 44e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci } 45e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ``` 46e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 47e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci FA模型: 48e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 49e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ```json 50e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "buildOption": { 51e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "sourceOption": { 52e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "workers": [ 53e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci "./src/main/ets/MainAbility/workers/worker.ets" 54e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ] 55e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci } 56e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci } 57e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci ``` 58e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 59e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 自动创建:DevEco Studio支持一键生成Worker,在对应的{moduleName}目录下任意位置,点击鼠标右键 > New > Worker,即可自动生成Worker的模板文件及配置信息,无需再手动在build-profile.json5中进行相关配置。 60e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 61e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 62e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci### 文件路径注意事项 63e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 64e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 当使用Worker模块具体功能时,均需先构造Worker实例对象,其构造函数与API版本相关,且构造函数需要传入Worker线程文件的路径(scriptURL)。 65e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 66e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci```ts 67e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 导入模块 68e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciimport { worker } from '@kit.ArkTS'; 69e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 70e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// API 9及之后版本使用: 71e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst worker1: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('entry/ets/workers/MyWorker.ets'); 72e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// API 8及之前版本使用: 73e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst worker2: worker.Worker = new worker.Worker('entry/ets/workers/MyWorker.ets'); 74e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci``` 75e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 76e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci#### Stage模型下的文件路径规则 77e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 78e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci构造函数中的scriptURL要求如下: 79e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 80e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- scriptURL的组成包含 {moduleName}/ets 和相对路径 relativePath。 81e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- relativePath是Worker线程文件相对于"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/"目录的相对路径。 82e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 83e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci1) 加载Ability中Worker线程文件场景 84e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 85e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci加载Ability中的worker线程文件,加载路径规则:{moduleName}/ets/{relativePath}。 86e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 87e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci```ts 88e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciimport { worker } from '@kit.ArkTS'; 89e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 90e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// worker线程文件所在路径:"entry/src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 91e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerStage1: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('entry/ets/workers/worker.ets'); 92e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 93e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// worker线程文件所在路径:"phone/src/main/ets/ThreadFile/workers/worker.ets" 94e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerStage2: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('phone/ets/ThreadFile/workers/worker.ets'); 95e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci``` 96e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 97e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci2) 加载[HSP](../quick-start/in-app-hsp.md)中Worker线程文件场景 98e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 99e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci加载HSP中worker线程文件,加载路径规则:{moduleName}/ets/{relativePath}。 100e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 101e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci```ts 102e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciimport { worker } from '@kit.ArkTS'; 103e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 104e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// worker线程文件所在路径: "hsp/src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 105e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerStage3: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('hsp/ets/workers/worker.ets'); 106e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci``` 107e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 108e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci3) 加载[HAR](../quick-start/har-package.md)中Worker线程文件场景 109e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 110e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci加载HAR中worker线程文件存在以下两种情况: 111e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 112e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- @标识路径加载形式:所有种类的模块加载本地HAR中的Worker线程文件,加载路径规则:@{moduleName}/ets/{relativePath}。 113e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 114e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- 相对路径加载形式:本地HAR加载该包内的Worker线程文件,加载路径规则:创建Worker对象所在文件与Worker线程文件的相对路径。 115e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 116e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci>**说明:** 117e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci> 118e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci>当开启useNormalizedOHMUrl(即将工程目录中与entry同级别的应用级build-profile.json5文件中strictMode属性的useNormalizedOHMUrl字段配置为true)或HAR包会被打包成三方包使用时,则HAR包中使用Worker仅支持通过相对路径的加载形式创建。 119e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 120e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci```ts 121e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciimport { worker } from '@kit.ArkTS'; 122e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 123e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// @标识路径加载形式: 124e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// worker线程文件所在路径: "har/src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 125e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerStage4: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('@har/ets/workers/worker.ets'); 126e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 127e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 相对路径加载形式: 128e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// worker线程文件所在路径: "har/src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 129e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 创建Worker对象的文件所在路径:"har/src/main/ets/components/mainpage/MainPage.ets" 130e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerStage5: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker('../../workers/worker.ets'); 131e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci``` 132e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 133e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci#### FA模型下的文件路径规则 134e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 135e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 构造函数中的scriptURL为:Worker线程文件与"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/MainAbility"的相对路径。 136e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 137e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci```ts 138e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciimport { worker } from '@kit.ArkTS'; 139e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 140e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 主要说明以下三种场景: 141e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 142e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 场景1: Worker线程文件所在路径:"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/MainAbility/workers/worker.ets" 143e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerFA1: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker("workers/worker.ets", {name:"first worker in FA model"}); 144e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 145e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 场景2: Worker线程文件所在路径:"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/workers/worker.ets" 146e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerFA2: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker("../workers/worker.ets"); 147e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 148e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci// 场景3: Worker线程文件所在路径:"{moduleName}/src/main/ets/MainAbility/ThreadFile/workers/worker.ets" 149e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ciconst workerFA3: worker.ThreadWorker = new worker.ThreadWorker("ThreadFile/workers/worker.ets"); 150e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci``` 151e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 152e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 153e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 154e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci### 生命周期注意事项 155e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 156e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- Worker的创建和销毁耗费性能,建议开发者合理管理已创建的Worker并重复使用。Worker空闲时也会一直运行,因此当不需要Worker时,可以调用[terminate()](../reference/apis-arkts/js-apis-worker.md#terminate9)接口或[close()](../reference/apis-arkts/js-apis-worker.md#close9)方法主动销毁Worker。若Worker处于已销毁或正在销毁等非运行状态时,调用其功能接口,会抛出相应的错误。 157e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 158e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci 159e41f4b71Sopenharmony_ci- Worker的数量由内存管理策略决定,设定的内存阈值为1.5GB和设备物理内存的60%中的较小者。在内存允许的情况下,系统最多可以同时运行64个Worker。如果尝试创建的Worker数量超出这一上限,系统将抛出错误:“Worker initialization failure, the number of workers exceeds the maximum.”。实际运行的Worker数量会根据当前内存使用情况动态调整。一旦所有Worker和主线程的累积内存占用超过了设定的阈值,系统将触发内存溢出(OOM)错误,导致应用程序崩溃。 160